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The Complex Relationships between Sex and the Brain.
The Neuroscientist ( IF 5.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-11 , DOI: 10.1177/1073858419867298
Daphna Joel 1 , Alicia Garcia-Falgueras 2 , Dick Swaab 2
Affiliation  

In the past decennia, our understanding of the sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain has dramatically changed. The simple model according to which testosterone masculinizes the brain of males away from a default female form, was replaced with a complex scenario, according to which sex effects on the brain of both females and males are exerted by genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors. These factors act via multiple partly independent mechanisms that may vary according to internal and external factors. These observations led to the “mosaic” hypothesis—the expectation of high variability in the degree of “maleness”/“femaleness” of different features within a single brain. Here, we briefly review animal data that form the basis of current understanding of sexual differentiation; present, in this context, the results of co-analyses of human brain measures obtained by magnetic resonance imaging or postmortem; discuss criticisms and controversies of the mosaic hypothesis and implications for research; and conclude that co-analysis of several (preferably, many) features and going back from the group level to that of the individual would advance our understanding of the relations between sex and the brain in health and disease.



中文翻译:

性与大脑之间的复杂关系。

在过去的十年中,我们对哺乳动物大脑性别分化的理解发生了巨大变化。睾丸激素使男性的大脑从默认的女性形态中脱颖而出的简单模型被复杂的场景所取代,复杂的场景表明,遗传,激素和环境因素对女性和男性的大脑都产生了性别影响。这些因素通过多种部分独立的机制起作用,这些机制可能会根据内部和外部因素而有所不同。这些观察结果导致了“马赛克”假说-对单个大脑中不同特征的“男性” /“女性”程度的高度可变性的期望。在这里,我们简要回顾一下动物数据,这些数据构成了当前对性别差异的理解的基础。在这种情况下,通过磁共振成像或验尸获得的人脑测量结果的共同分析结果;讨论对镶嵌假说的批评和争议及其对研究的启示;并得出结论,对多个(最好是许多)特征进行共同分析,然后再从小组的角度追溯到个人的特征,可以增进我们对健康与疾病中性与大脑之间关系的理解。

更新日期:2020-03-19
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