In cells at steady state, two forms of cell compartmentalization coexist: membrane-bound organelles and phase-separated membraneless organelles that are present in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Strikingly, cellular stress is a strong inducer of the reversible membraneless compartments referred to as stress assemblies. Stress assemblies play key roles in survival during cell stress and in thriving of cells upon stress relief. The two best studied stress assemblies are the RNA-based processing-bodies (P-bodies) and stress granules that form in response to oxidative, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), osmotic and nutrient stress as well as many others. Interestingly, P-bodies and stress granules are heterogeneous with respect to both the pathways that lead to their formation and their protein and RNA content. Furthermore, in yeast and Drosophila, nutrient stress also leads to the formation of many other types of prosurvival cytoplasmic stress assemblies, such as metabolic enzymes foci, proteasome storage granules, EIF2B bodies, U-bodies and Sec bodies, some of which are not RNA-based. Nutrient stress leads to a drop in cytoplasmic pH, which combined with posttranslational modifications of granule contents, induces phase separation.

中文翻译：

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细胞应激导致真核细胞中无膜应激组装体的形成。

在稳态的细胞中，两种形式的细胞区室化共存：膜结合细胞器和相分离的无膜细胞器，它们同时存在于细胞核和细胞质中。引人注目的是，细胞应激是称为应激组装的可逆无膜区室的强烈诱导物。应力组装在细胞应激期间的生存以及应激缓解后细胞的繁荣中发挥着关键作用。研究最充分的两种应激组件是基于 RNA 的加工体（P 体）和应激颗粒，它们是响应氧化、内质网 (ER)、渗透和营养应激以及许多其他应激而形成的。有趣的是，P 体和应激颗粒在形成途径以及蛋白质和 RNA 含量方面都是异质的。此外，在酵母和果蝇中，营养应激还导致许多其他类型的促生存细胞质应激组装体的形成，例如代谢酶焦点、蛋白酶体储存颗粒、EIF2B体、U体和Sec体，其中一些不是RNA -基于。营养应激导致细胞质 p​​H 值下降，与颗粒内容物的翻译后修饰相结合，诱导相分离。