Over the past decade the number and variety of protein post-translational modifications that have been detected and characterized in bacteria have rapidly increased. Most post-translational protein modifications occur in a relatively low number of bacterial proteins in comparison with eukaryotic proteins, and most of the modified proteins carry low, substoichiometric levels of modification; therefore, their structural and functional analysis is particularly challenging. The number of modifying enzymes differs greatly among bacterial species, and the extent of the modified proteome strongly depends on environmental conditions. Nevertheless, evidence is rapidly accumulating that protein post-translational modifications have vital roles in various cellular processes such as protein synthesis and turnover, nitrogen metabolism, the cell cycle, dormancy, sporulation, spore germination, persistence and virulence. Further research of protein post-translational modifications will fill current gaps in the understanding of bacterial physiology and open new avenues for treatment of infectious diseases.

中文翻译：

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细菌中蛋白质的翻译后修饰。

在过去的十年中，已在细菌中检测到并表征了蛋白质的翻译后修饰的数量和种类迅速增加。与真核蛋白质相比，大多数翻译后蛋白质修饰发生在相对较少数量的细菌蛋白质中，并且大多数修饰蛋白质带有较低的亚化学计量水平的修饰；因此，它们的结构和功能分析特别具有挑战性。修饰酶的数量在细菌种类之间差异很大，并且修饰的蛋白质组的程度强烈取决于环境条件。不过，证据迅速积累，蛋白质翻译后修饰在各种细胞过程中起着至关重要的作用，例如蛋白质合成和更新，氮代谢，细胞周期，休眠，孢子形成，孢子萌发，持久性和毒力。蛋白质翻译后修饰的进一步研究将填补当前细菌生理学方面的空白，并为治疗传染病开辟新途径。