Immunosenescence involves a series of ageing-induced alterations in the immune system and is characterized by two opposing hallmarks: defective immune responses and increased systemic inflammation. The immune system is modulated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors and undergoes profound changes in response to the ageing process. Immune responses are therefore highly age-dependent. Emerging data show that immunosenescence underlies common mechanisms responsible for several age-related diseases and is a plastic state that can be modified and accelerated by non-heritable environmental factors and pharmacological intervention. In the kidney, resident macrophages and fibroblasts are continuously exposed to components of the external environment, and the effects of cellular reprogramming induced by local immune responses, which accumulate with age, might have a role in the increased susceptibility to kidney disease among elderly individuals. Additionally, because chronic kidney disease, especially end-stage renal disease, is often accompanied by immunosenescence, which affects these patients independently of age, and many kidney diseases are strongly age-associated, treatment approaches that target immunosenescence might be particularly clinically relevant.

中文翻译：

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肾脏衰老的免疫学。

免疫衰老涉及免疫系统中的一系列衰老诱导的改变，其特征是两个相反的特征：免疫应答缺陷和全身性炎症增加。免疫系统受到内在和外在因素的调节，并随着衰老过程而发生深刻的变化。因此，免疫反应高度依赖年龄。新兴数据表明，免疫衰老是造成几种与年龄有关的疾病的常见机制的基础，并且是可塑性状态，可以通过不可遗传的环境因素和药理干预来改变和加速。在肾脏中，常驻巨噬细胞和成纤维细胞不断暴露于外部环境的组成部分，随着年龄的增长，局部免疫反应会诱导细胞重编程，可能与老年人中肾脏疾病易感性增加有关。另外，由于慢性肾脏疾病，尤其是终末期肾脏疾病通常伴随着免疫衰老，从而独立于年龄影响这些患者，并且许多肾脏疾病与年龄密切相关，因此针对免疫衰老的治疗方法在临床上可能特别相关。