As primary producers, plants are under constant pressure to defend themselves against potentially deadly pathogens and herbivores. In this review, we describe short- and long-term strategies that enable plants to cope with these stresses. Apart from internal immunological strategies that involve physiological and (epi)genetic modifications at the cellular level, plants also employ external strategies that rely on recruitment of beneficial organisms. We discuss these strategies along a gradient of increasing timescales, ranging from rapid immune responses that are initiated within seconds to (epi)genetic adaptations that occur over multiple plant generations. We cover the latest insights into the mechanistic and evolutionary underpinnings of these strategies and present explanatory models. Finally, we discuss how knowledge from short-lived model species can be translated to economically and ecologically important perennials to exploit adaptive plant strategies and mitigate future impacts of pests and diseases in an increasingly interconnected and changing world.

中文翻译：

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在敌对世界中生存：抵抗病虫害的植物策略。

作为主要生产者，植物承受着不断的压力以抵御潜在的致命病原体和食草动物。在这篇综述中，我们描述了使植物能够应对这些胁迫的短期和长期策略。除了在细胞水平上涉及生理和（遗传）遗传修饰的内部免疫策略外，植物还采用依赖于有益生物体募集的外部策略。我们沿着逐渐增加的时间尺度讨论这些策略，范围从在几秒钟内启动的快速免疫反应到在多个植物世代中发生的（epi）遗传适应。我们涵盖了这些策略的机理和进化基础的最新见解，并介绍了解释模型。最后，