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The co‐evolution of longevity and social life
Functional Ecology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-09-20 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13445
Eric R. Lucas 1 , Laurent Keller 2
Affiliation  

Living in social groups could influence the evolution of senescence and longevity by affecting key life‐history parameters such as extrinsic mortality and the cost of reproduction. For example, a decrease in extrinsic mortality as a result of social life is predicted to lead to the evolution of increased longevity. We argue that benefits of social life in terms of increased survival are common only in species in which life in large groups is already the norm, most likely because these species have adapted to depend on social groups. By contrast, species with smaller social groups tend to show no clear association between survival and social group size. This lack of a consistent benefit of social life on survival casts doubt on the idea that extended longevity should follow the evolution of sociality. In line with this, most rigorous cross‐taxonomic studies failed to find an association between sociality and longevity, suggesting that a social mode of life does not systematically lead to the evolution of extended longevity. The only effect of sociality on longevity that has been convincingly demonstrated is increased longevity in high‐ranking individuals from cooperatively breeding vertebrates and social insects, who benefit from the protection and support of their non‐breeding helpers. In contrast, helpers in these species usually do not show evidence of increased longevity, with the exception of naked mole rats where both breeders and helpers live much longer than related solitary species. Where long‐lived phenotypes exist in highly social species, such as social insect queens and naked mole rats, the scale of longevity increase is often striking. The means by which increased longevity is achieved are still poorly understood, but both social and physiological mechanisms are involved in reducing the burden of disease, including cancer, thus increasing the chances of surviving to old age. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

中文翻译:

长寿与社会生活的共同进化

生活在社会群体中可以通过影响关键的生活史参数(如外在死亡率和繁殖成本)来影响衰老和长寿的演变。例如,社会生活导致的外在死亡率下降预计会导致寿命延长。我们认为,仅在大群体生活已经成为常态的物种中,社会生活在提高生存率方面的好处是普遍的,这很可能是因为这些物种已经适应了依赖社会群体。相比之下,具有较小社会群体的物种往往在生存和社会群体规模之间没有明显的关联。社会生活对生存的持续益处的缺乏使人们对延长寿命应该跟随社会性进化的想法产生怀疑。与此相符,大多数严格的跨分类学研究未能发现社会性和长寿之间的关联,这表明社会生活方式并没有系统地导致长寿的进化。社会性对长寿的唯一影响已被令人信服地证明是合作繁殖脊椎动物和社会昆虫的高级个体的寿命增加,他们受益于非繁殖助手的保护和支持。相比之下,这些物种的助手通常没有显示寿命延长的证据,除了裸鼹鼠,它们的繁殖者和助手的寿命都比相关的孤独物种长得多。在高度社会化的物种中存在长寿表型的地方,例如社会性昆虫女王和裸鼹鼠,寿命增加的规模往往是惊人的。人们对延长寿命的方法仍然知之甚少,但社会和生理机制都参与了减少疾病负担,包括癌症,从而增加了活到老年的机会。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。
更新日期:2019-09-20
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