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Twenty‐five years of the Northwest Forest Plan: what have we learned?
Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment ( IF 10.3 ) Pub Date : 2019-08-28 , DOI: 10.1002/fee.2101
Thomas A Spies 1 , Jonathan W Long 2 , Susan Charnley 3 , Paul F Hessburg 4 , Bruce G Marcot 3 , Gordon H Reeves 1 , Damon B Lesmeister 1 , Matthew J Reilly 5 , Lee K Cerveny 6 , Peter A Stine 7 , Martin G Raphael 8
Affiliation  

W happens after 25 years of implementing a plan that changed the management of 10 million ha of federal land? It is often not possible to adequately answer environmental policy questions like this due to a lack of monitoring and research. Fortunately, that is not the case for the 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (NWFP), which was accompanied by a regional monitoring program and ongoing research. The NWFP was a large, multiagency effort to conserve biodiversity, particularly oldgrowth forests, northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina), marbled murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus), and other species associated with older forests on federal lands in western Washington and Oregon and northwestern California. It was also designed to protect and restore salmonid habitat, and to provide forest products to support local and regional economies. The NWFP was intended to be a 100year plan but also to be flexible enough to adapt to new conditions, threats, and knowledge. The outcomes of this plan and the scientific basis of its assumptions are now of particular interest to federal managers as they begin the process of revising forest plans in the NWFP area under the 2012 US Department of Agriculture Forest Service (USFS) planning rule. The NWFP amended individual forest plans in this region but those plans have been in effect for many years and their revision is mandated by the National Forest Management Act of 1976 (PL 94588), which directs managers to revise land management plans across the US using the “best available science” (USFS 2012). The 2012 planning rule represents the most important change in federal forest biodiversity policy nationwide over the past 30 years (Schultz et al. 2013), but it has yet to be applied to forest plan revision in the NWFP area. At the request of USFS managers, we completed a synthesis of recent science (Spies et al. 2018a) to inform revisions of forest plans and land management across 17 national forests occurring within the NWFP area. Synthesis development included public engagement and peer review overseen by the Ecological Society of America under the Office of Management and Budget guidelines for “highly influential” science (www. gpo.gov/fdsys/ granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05-769). Our review and synthesis were based on an unparalleled and ongoing 25year monitoring program, and consideration of over 4000 Twentyfive years of the Northwest Forest Plan: what have we learned?

中文翻译:

西北森林计划 25 年:我们学到了什么?

在实施一项改变了 1000 万公顷联邦土地管理的计划 25 年后,W 会发生什么?由于缺乏监测和研究,通常不可能充分回答这样的环境政策问题。幸运的是,1994 年的西北森林计划 (NWFP) 并非如此,该计划伴随着区域监测计划和正在进行的研究。NWFP 是一项大型的多机构努力,旨在保护生物多样性,特别是原始森林、北方斑鸮(Strix occidentalis caurina)、大理石鸮(Brachyramphus marmoratus),以及与华盛顿西部和俄勒冈州以及加利福尼亚州西北部联邦土地上的古老森林相关的其他物种. 它还旨在保护和恢复鲑鱼栖息地,并提供林产品以支持当地和区域经济。NWFP 旨在成为一个 100 年计划,但也足够灵活以适应新的条件、威胁和知识。该计划的结果及其假设的科学基础现在对联邦管理人员特别感兴趣,因为他们开始根据 2012 年美国农业部林务局 (USFS) 规划规则修订 NWFP 地区的森林计划。NWFP 修订了该地区的个别森林计划,但这些计划已生效多年,其修订由 1976 年国家森林管理法案 (PL 94588) 授权,该法案指示管理人员使用“最佳可用科学”(USFS 2012)。2012 年的规划规则代表了过去 30 年来全国联邦森林生物多样性政策中最重要的变化(Schultz 等人,2012 年)。2013),但尚未应用于西北林区的森林规划修订。应 USFS 管理人员的要求,我们完成了近期科学的综合(Spies 等人,2018a),以告知 NWFP 地区内 17 个国家森林的森林计划和土地管理的修订。综合发展包括由美国生态学会根据管理和预算办公室针对“极具影响力”科学的指导方针监督的公众参与和同行评审(www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05 -769)。我们的审查和综合基于一项无与伦比的持续 25 年监测计划,以及对西北森林计划 25 年 4000 多年的考虑:我们学到了什么?我们完成了对近期科学的综合(Spies 等人,2018a),以告知 NWFP 地区内发生的 17 个国家森林的森林计划和土地管理的修订。综合发展包括由美国生态学会根据管理和预算办公室针对“极具影响力”科学的指导方针监督的公众参与和同行评审(www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05 -769)。我们的审查和综合基于一项无与伦比的持续 25 年监测计划,以及对西北森林计划 25 年 4000 多年的考虑:我们学到了什么?我们完成了对近期科学的综合(Spies 等人,2018a),以告知 NWFP 地区内发生的 17 个国家森林的森林计划和土地管理的修订。综合发展包括由美国生态学会根据管理和预算办公室针对“极具影响力”科学的指导方针监督的公众参与和同行评审(www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05 -769)。我们的审查和综合基于一项无与伦比的持续 25 年监测计划,以及对西北森林计划 25 年 4000 多年的考虑:我们学到了什么?综合发展包括由美国生态学会根据管理和预算办公室针对“极具影响力”科学的指导方针监督的公众参与和同行评审(www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05 -769)。我们的审查和综合基于一项无与伦比的持续 25 年监测计划,以及对西北森林计划 25 年 4000 多年的考虑:我们学到了什么?综合发展包括由美国生态学会根据管理和预算办公室针对“极具影响力”科学的指导方针监督的公众参与和同行评审(www.gpo.gov/fdsys/granu le/FR-2005-01-14/05 -769)。我们的审查和综合基于一项无与伦比的持续 25 年监测计划,以及对西北森林计划 25 年 4000 多年的考虑:我们学到了什么?
更新日期:2019-08-28
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