Exoplanetary science is on the verge of an unprecedented revolution. The thousands of exoplanets discovered over the past decade have most recently been supplemented by discoveries of potentially habitable planets around nearby low-mass stars. Currently, the field is rapidly progressing towards detailed spectroscopic observations to characterise the atmospheres of these planets. While various surveys from space and ground are expected to detect numerous more exoplanets orbiting nearby stars, the imminent launch of JWST along with large ground-based facilities are expected to revolutionise exoplanetary spectroscopy. Such observations, combined with detailed theoretical models and inverse methods, provide valuable insights into a wide range of physical processes and chemical compositions in exoplanetary atmospheres. Depending on the planetary properties, the knowledge of atmospheric compositions can also place important constraints on planetary formation and migration mechanisms, geophysical processes, and, ultimately, biosignatures. In the present review, we will discuss the modern and future landscape of this frontier area of exoplanetary atmospheres. We will start with a brief review of the area, emphasising the key insights gained from different observational methods and theoretical studies. This is followed by an in-depth discussion of the state-of-the-art, challenges, and future prospects in three forefront branches of the area.

中文翻译：

---

系外行星大气：关键见解、挑战和前景

系外行星科学正处于一场前所未有的革命的边缘。在过去十年中发现的数千颗系外行星最近得到了在附近低质量恒星周围发现的潜在宜居行星的补充。目前，该领域正朝着详细的光谱观测快速发展，以表征这些行星的大气层。虽然来自太空和地面的各种调查预计将探测到更多围绕附近恒星运行的系外行星，但即将发射的 JWST 以及大型地面设施预计将彻底改变系外行星光谱学。此类观测与详细的理论模型和逆方法相结合，为了解系外行星大气中的各种物理过程和化学成分提供了宝贵的见解。根据行星的特性，大气成分的知识也会对行星的形成和迁移机制、地球物理过程以及最终的生物特征产生重要的限制。在本综述中，我们将讨论这个系外行星大气前沿区域的现代和未来景观。我们将从对该领域的简要回顾开始，强调从不同的观察方法和理论研究中获得的关键见解。随后深入讨论了该领域三个前沿分支的最新技术、挑战和未来前景。我们将讨论这个系外行星大气前沿区域的现代和未来景观。我们将从对该领域的简要回顾开始，强调从不同的观察方法和理论研究中获得的关键见解。随后深入讨论了该领域三个前沿分支的最新技术、挑战和未来前景。我们将讨论这个系外行星大气前沿区域的现代和未来景观。我们将从对该领域的简要回顾开始，强调从不同的观察方法和理论研究中获得的关键见解。随后深入讨论了该领域三个前沿分支的最新技术、挑战和未来前景。