The gut microbiota is a complex and plastic network of diverse organisms intricately connected with human physiology. Recent advances in profiling approaches of both the microbiota and the immune system now enable a deeper exploration of immunity-microbiota connections. An important next step is to elucidate a human-relevant "map" of microbial-immune wiring while focusing on animal studies to probe a prioritized subset of interactions. Here, we provide an overview of this field's current status and discuss two approaches for establishing priorities for detailed investigation: (1) longitudinal intervention studies in humans probing the dynamics of both the microbiota and the immune system and (2) the study of traditional populations to assess lost features of human microbial identity whose absence may be contributing to the rise of immunological disorders. These human-centered approaches offer a judicious path forward to understand the impact of the microbiota in immune development and function.

中文翻译：

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追求与人类有关的肠道菌群-免疫相互作用。

肠道菌群是一个复杂而可塑性的网络，其中包括与人类生理学错综复杂的多种生物。微生物群和免疫系统的分析方法的最新进展现在使人们能够更深入地探索免疫群与微生物群的联系。下一步的重要步骤是阐明与人类有关的微生物免疫连线的“图谱”，同时侧重于动物研究以探究相互作用的优先子集。在此，我们概述了该领域的现状，并讨论了确定详细调查重点的两种方法：（1）在人类中进行纵向干预研究，以探索微生物群和免疫系统的动态；以及（2）在传统人群中进行研究，以评估人类微生物身份丧失的特征，这些特征的缺失可能会导致免疫系统疾病的发生。这些以人为中心的方法为理解微生物群对免疫发育和功能的影响提供了明智的途径。