Emotional responses are not static but change as a consequence of learning. Organisms adapt to emotional events and these adaptations influence the way we think, behave, and feel when we encounter similar situations in the future. Integrating recent work from rodent models and research on human psychopathology, this article lays out a model describing how affective events cause learning and can lead to anxiety and depression: affective events are linked to conditioned stimuli and contexts. Affective experiences entrain oscillatory synchrony across distributed neural circuits, including the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, which form associations that constitute the basis of emotional memories. Consolidation of these experiences appears to be supported by replay in the hippocampus-a process by which hippocampal firing patterns recreate the firing pattern that occurred previously. Generalization of learning occurs to never before experienced contexts when associations form across distinct but related conditioned stimuli. The process of generalization, which requires cortical structures, can cause memories to become abstracted. During abstraction, the latent, overlapping features of the learned associations remain and result in the formation of schemas. Schemas are adaptive because they facilitate the rapid processing of conditioned stimuli and prime behavioral, cognitive, and affective responses that are the manifestations of the accumulation of an individual's conditioned experiences. However, schemas can be maladaptive when the generalization of aversive emotional responses are applied to stimuli and contexts in which affective reactions are unnecessary. I describe how this process can lead to not only mood and anxiety disorders but also psychotherapeutic treatment.

中文翻译：

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从条件到情感：将学习的动物模型转化为人类的心理病理学。

情绪反应不是一成不变的，而是学习的结果。有机体会适应情绪事件，而这些适应会影响我们将来遇到类似情况时的思考，行为和感觉方式。本文将啮齿动物模型和人类心理病理学研究的最新成果进行了整合，提出了一个模型，描述了情感事件如何导致学习并可能导致焦虑和抑郁：情感事件与条件刺激和情境相关。情感体验会在分布的神经回路中引起振荡同步，包括前额叶皮层，海马，杏仁核和伏隔核，它们形成了构成情感记忆基础的关联。这些经验的巩固似乎受到海马重播的支持，在这个过程中，海马的放电模式会重现以前发生的放电模式。当关联跨越不同但相关的条件刺激而形成时，学习的普遍发生在从未经历过的环境中。需要皮质结构的泛化过程可能导致记忆变得抽象。在抽象期间，学习到的关联的潜在的，重叠的特征会保留下来并导致架构的形成。模式是适应性的，因为它们促进了条件刺激的快速处理以及主要的行为，认知和情感反应，这些都是个体条件经验积累的体现。然而，当厌恶情绪反应的泛化应用于不需要情感反应的刺激和情境时，图式可能会适应不良。我描述了这个过程如何不仅导致情绪和焦虑症，还导致了心理治疗。