Nervous system communication relies on neurotransmitter release for synaptic transmission between neurons. Neurotransmitter is contained within vesicles in presynaptic terminals and intraterminal calcium governs the fundamental step of their release into the synaptic cleft. Despite a common dependence on calcium, synaptic transmission and its modulation varies highly across the nervous system. The precise mechanisms that underlie this heterogeneity, however, remain unclear. The present review highlights recent data that reveal vesicles sourced from separate pools define discrete modes of release. A rich diversity of regulatory machinery may further distinguish the different forms of vesicle release, including presynaptic proteins involved in trafficking, alignment, and exocytosis. These multiple vesicle release mechanisms and vesicle pools likely depend on the arrangement of vesicles in relation to specific calcium entry pathways that create compartmentalized spheres of calcium influence (i.e., domains). This diversity permits release specialization. This review details examples of how individual neurons rely on multiple calcium sources and unique regulatory schemes to provide differential release and discrete modulation of neurotransmitter release from specific vesicle pools-as part of network signal integration.

中文翻译：

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不同的钙源定义隔室的突触信号传递域。

神经系统通讯依赖神经递质的释放来实现神经元之间的突触传递。神经递质包含在突触前末端的囊泡中，末端钙可控制其释放到突触间隙中的基本步骤。尽管普遍依赖钙，但突触传递及其调节在整个神经系统中变化很大。然而，造成这种异质性的确切机制仍不清楚。本综述重点介绍了最近的数据，这些数据揭示了来自不同池的囊泡定义了离散的释放模式。多种多样的调节机制可以进一步区分不同形式的囊泡释放，包括与运输，排列和胞吐作用有关的突触前蛋白。这些多种囊泡释放机制和囊泡池可能取决于与特定钙进入途径有关的囊泡排列，这些特定钙进入途径会形成钙影响的分区球体（即结构域）。这种多样性允许发布专业化。这篇综述详细介绍了各个神经元如何依赖多种钙源和独特的调节方案来提供从特定囊泡池中差异释放和离散调节神经递质释放的示例，这些都是网络信号整合的一部分。