Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) programs have become increasingly common throughout Latin America as a mechanism for incentivizing conservation and restoration of degraded lands. By directly engaging with communities, Community-Based PES (CB-PES) initiatives may be uniquely suited to overcome the challenges encountered by larger, national programs in terms of improving local outcomes and maintaining community support. Here, we present a conceptual framework for evaluating the contextual factors influencing community participation in PES and the outcomes of community participation. We apply the framework to analyze the published CB-PES literature. The literature demonstrates how a range of participatory mechanisms can improve social capital, community assets and the legitimacy of PES, which may feedback to improve community support over time. However, there is limited evidence that CB-PES improves environmental outcomes and mixed evidence for equity and economic efficiency outcomes. There is also wide variation in the level of community engagement in CB-PES. In some contexts, additional efforts may be needed to strengthen property rights and institutional capacity to increase community engagement in CB-PES.

生态系统服务（PES）计划的付款已成为整个拉丁美洲越来越普遍的一种激励机制，以鼓励退化土地的养护和恢复。通过直接与社区互动，基于社区的PES（CB-PES）计划可能特别适合克服大型国家计划在改善本地成果和维持社区支持方面所遇到的挑战。在这里，我们提出了一个概念框架，用于评估影响社区参与PES和社区参与结果的背景因素。我们应用该框架来分析已发布的CB-PES文献。文献证明了一系列参与机制如何改善社会资本，社区资产和PES的合法性，这些反馈可能会随着时间的流逝而改善社区的支持。但是，仅有有限的证据表明CB-PES可以改善环境结果，而有关公平和经济效率结果的证据则不尽相同。社区对CB-PES的参与程度也存在很大差异。在某些情况下，可能需要付出更多的努力来增强产权和机构能力，以增加社区对CB-PES的参与。