This article discusses the socio-technical transition literature, particularly the Multi-Level Perspective, which investigates the fundamental changes in (energy, transport, housing, agro-food) systems that are needed to address persistent sustainability problems. The article positions the MLP within the wider academic debate on sustainability transformations, and reviews criticisms and seven recent elaborations of the MLP with regard to: (1) politics and power, (2) cultural discourse and framing struggles, (3) grassroots innovation, (4) multiple transition pathways, (5) incumbent firm resistance and reorientation, (6) destabilization and decline, (7) policy analysis. Mobilizing insights from the wider social sciences, these elaborations have nuanced and differentiated the understanding of socio-technical transitions to sustainability and made the MLP the central pillar of a multi-facetted, cumulative research programme with a broad empirical evidence base.

本文讨论了社会技术转型文献，尤其是“多层次视角”，它研究了解决持续存在的可持续性问题所需的（能源，运输，住房，农业食品）系统的根本变化。这篇文章将MLP置于关于可持续性转型的更广泛的学术辩论中，并回顾了有关MLP的批评和最近的七项阐述：（1）政治和权力，（2）文化话语和框架斗争，（3）基层创新， （4）多种转型路径，（5）现有的公司抵抗和重新定位，（6）不稳定和衰落，（7）政策分析。调动更广泛的社会科学的见解，