Abstract Over the last decade, the ecosystem service (ES) approach has gained increasing attention because it offers important advantages for enhancing decision-making. However, a key and remaining challenge is how to implement this approach in real-world decision problems. This challenge is particularly relevant for governance and policy instruments, such as spatial planning and strategic environmental assessment (SEA), where including the ES approach is recognized as a great opportunity for achieving sustainable development goals. Consequently, this opinion paper proposes the use of the ES cascade model, as the basis to develop a framework that makes explicit the links among development objectives, sustainability goals, and the overall dependency on the ES supply. The main reflections address the need for a collaborative work between policy and science as a cross-cutting aspect for an interactive, participative and transparent research process that allows 1) the development of spatial indicators of ecosystem structures, 2) valuation and spatial modeling of ES, 3) identification of benefits and networks of actors, 4) the definition of values and, 5) generation of scenarios for a trade-off assessment of development alternatives. Finally, in addition to the information and knowledge generation regarding multi-scale relationships of the different components of the ES cascade, real-world evidence is urgently needed.

中文翻译：

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在空间规划和战略环境评估中整合生态系统服务：级联模型的作用

摘要 在过去十年中，生态系统服务 (ES) 方法受到越来越多的关注，因为它为增强决策提供了重要优势。然而，一个关键且仍然存在的挑战是如何在现实世界的决策问题中实施这种方法。这一挑战与治理和政策工具尤其相关，例如空间规划和战略环境评估 (SEA)，其中包括 ES 方法被认为是实现可持续发展目标的绝佳机会。因此，本意见书建议使用 ES 级联模型作为开发框架的基础，该框架明确了发展目标、可持续性目标和对 ES 供应的整体依赖之间的联系。主要思考解决了政策和科学之间合作工作的需要，作为互动、参与和透明的研究过程的一个交叉方面，允许 1) 开发生态系统结构的空间指标，2) 评估和 ES 的空间建模, 3) 利益和行动者网络的确定， 4) 价值的定义， 5) 为发展替代方案的权衡评估生成情景。最后，除了关于 ES 级联不同组件的多尺度关系的信息和知识生成之外，还迫切需要真实世界的证据。2) ES 的估值和空间建模，3) 利益和参与者网络的识别，4) 价值的定义，5) 为发展替代方案的权衡评估生成情景。最后，除了关于 ES 级联不同组件的多尺度关系的信息和知识生成之外，还迫切需要真实世界的证据。2) ES 的估值和空间建模，3) 利益和参与者网络的识别，4) 价值的定义，5) 为发展替代方案的权衡评估生成情景。最后，除了关于 ES 级联不同组件的多尺度关系的信息和知识生成之外，还迫切需要真实世界的证据。