Musculoskeletal diseases are increasing the prevalence of physical disability worldwide. Within the body, musculoskeletal soft and hard tissues integrate through specific multitissue transitions, allowing for body movements. Owing to their unique compositional and structural gradients, injuries challenge the native interfaces and tissue regeneration is unlikely to occur. Tissue engineering strategies are emerging to emulate the physiological environment of soft-to-hard tissue interfaces. Advances in biomaterial design enable control over biophysical parameters, but biomaterials alone are not sufficient to provide adequate support and guide transplanted cells. Therefore, biological, biophysical, and biochemical tools can be integrated into a multifactorial toolbox, steering prospective advances toward engineering clinically relevant soft-to-hard tissue interfaces.

中文翻译：

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从软硬件到硬肌肉骨骼界面组织工程中受生理启发的多因素工具箱。

肌肉骨骼疾病在世界范围内增加了身体残疾的患病率。在体内，肌肉骨骼的软组织和硬组织通过特定的多组织过渡而整合，从而允许身体运动。由于其独特的成分和结构梯度，损伤会挑战天然界面，并且不太可能发生组织再生。组织工程策略正在出现，以模拟软硬组织界面的生理环境。生物材料设计的进步使得能够控制生物物理参数，但是仅生物材料不足以提供足够的支持和指导移植的细胞。因此，可以将生物，生物物理和生化工具集成到多因素工具箱中，