Abstract Orthopedic implants are increasing in global prevalence, with hundreds of thousands of operations performed annually. However, a significant proportion of these operations experiences failure due to poor bone integration. Many avenues of investigation have been explored to address this issue and improve the biocompatibility of orthopedic devices by modifying the biological response to the implant surface. Biomimetic functionalization of orthopedic surfaces enables control over the biological response by signaling through immobilized proteins and other biomolecules. This approach seeks to promote osteoblast differentiation and bone formation at the implant surface, leading to integration between the orthopedic surface and the local bone tissue. This review commences by highlighting the need for biomimetic functionalization from a materials and biological perspective. The surface properties that govern protein-surface interactions are subsequently explained. Progress in biomolecule functionalization of orthopedic surfaces performed via adsorption, chemical covalent immobilization, and physical covalent immobilization are discussed and reviewed. The immobilization mechanisms for each approach are examined and the strategies are evaluated according to their complexity, efficacy, reproducibility, and scalability. Emerging and prospective avenues for the transition from 2D to 3D substrates and the multi-functionalization of biomimetic surfaces are then explored.

中文翻译：

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骨整合骨科植入物的仿生表面功能化综述：机制、当前方法和未来方向

摘要 骨科植入物在全球的普及率正在增加，每年进行数十万次手术。然而，这些手术中有很大一部分因骨整合不良而失败。已经探索了许多研究途径来解决这个问题，并通过改变对植入物表面的生物反应来提高骨科器械的生物相容性。整形外科表面的仿生功能化能够通过固定蛋白和其他生物分子发出信号来控制生物反应。这种方法旨在促进植入物表面的成骨细胞分化和骨形成，从而导致骨科表面和局部骨组织之间的整合。本综述首先从材料和生物学的角度强调了仿生功能化的必要性。随后解释了控制蛋白质-表面相互作用的表面特性。讨论和回顾了通过吸附、化学共价固定和物理共价固定进行的骨科表面生物分子功能化的进展。检查了每种方法的固定机制，并根据其复杂性、有效性、可重复性和可扩展性评估了策略。然后探索了从 2D 到 3D 基底过渡和仿生表面多功能化的新兴和前瞻性途径。讨论和回顾了通过吸附、化学共价固定和物理共价固定进行的骨科表面生物分子功能化的进展。检查了每种方法的固定机制，并根据其复杂性、有效性、可重复性和可扩展性来评估策略。然后探索了从 2D 到 3D 基底过渡和仿生表面多功能化的新兴和前瞻性途径。讨论和回顾了通过吸附、化学共价固定和物理共价固定进行的骨科表面生物分子功能化的进展。检查了每种方法的固定机制，并根据其复杂性、有效性、可重复性和可扩展性评估了策略。然后探索了从 2D 到 3D 基底过渡和仿生表面多功能化的新兴和前瞻性途径。