Deciding what to do and when to move is vital to our survival. Clinical and fundamental studies have identified basal ganglia circuits as critical for this process. The main input nucleus of the basal ganglia, the striatum, receives inputs from frontal, sensory, and motor cortices and interconnected thalamic areas that provide information about potential goals, context, and actions and directly or indirectly modulates basal ganglia outputs. The striatum also receives dopaminergic inputs that can signal reward prediction errors and also behavioral transitions and movement initiation. Here we review studies and models of how direct and indirect pathways can modulate basal ganglia outputs to facilitate movement initiation, and we discuss the role of cortical and dopaminergic inputs to the striatum in determining what to do and if and when to do it. Complex but exciting scenarios emerge that shed new light on how basal ganglia circuits modulate self-paced movement initiation.

中文翻译：

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什么，是否以及何时移动：基底神经节回路和自定步伐动作。

决定做什么和什么时候搬家对我们的生存至关重要。临床和基础研究已确定基底神经节回路对该过程至关重要。基底神经节的主要输入核，纹状体，从额叶，感觉和运动皮层以及相互联系的丘脑区域接收输入，这些丘脑区域提供有关潜在目标，背景和动作的信息，并直接或间接调节基底神经节的输出。纹状体还接收多巴胺能输入，该多巴胺能输入可指示奖励预测错误以及行为转变和运动开始。在这里，我们回顾有关直接和间接途径如何调节基底神经节输出以促进运动启动的研究和模型，并讨论皮质和多巴胺能输入对纹状体的作用，以确定该做什么以及何时以及何时进行。