Conduct disorder (CD) is a common and highly impairing psychiatric disorder that usually emerges in childhood or adolescence and is characterized by severe antisocial and aggressive behaviour. It frequently co-occurs with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and often leads to antisocial personality disorder in adulthood. CD affects ~3% of school-aged children and is twice as prevalent in males than in females. This disorder can be subtyped according to age at onset (childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset) and the presence or absence of callous-unemotional traits (deficits in empathy and guilt). The aetiology of CD is complex, with contributions of both genetic and environmental risk factors and different forms of interplay among the two (gene–environment interaction and correlation). In addition, CD is associated with neurocognitive impairments; smaller grey matter volume in limbic regions such as the amygdala, insula and orbitofrontal cortex, and functional abnormalities in overlapping brain circuits responsible for emotion processing, emotion regulation and reinforcement-based decision-making have been reported. Lower hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and autonomic reactivity to stress has also been reported. Management of CD primarily involves parent-based or family-based psychosocial interventions, although stimulants and atypical antipsychotics are sometimes used, especially in individuals with comorbid ADHD.

品行障碍（CD）是一种常见且严重受损的精神病，通常在儿童或青少年时期出现，其特征是严重的反社会和攻击性行为。它经常与注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）并发，并经常导致成年后的反社会人格障碍。CD会影响约3％的学龄儿童，男性的流行率是女性的两倍。可以根据发病年龄（儿童期发病与青春期发病）以及是否存在call性情绪低落特征（同情和内gui缺陷）来区分该疾病的亚型。CD的病因很复杂，既有遗传和环境风险因素的贡献，又有两者之间相互作用的不同形式（基因-环境相互作用和相关性）。此外，CD与神经认知障碍有关；据报道，杏仁核，岛岛和眶额皮质等边缘区域的灰质体积较小，并且重叠的大脑回路负责情绪处理，情绪调节和基于增强的决策的功能异常。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴下移和对压力的自主神经反应也已有报道。CD的管理主要涉及基于父母或家庭的社会心理干预，尽管有时会使用兴奋剂和非典型抗精神病药，尤其是患有合并症的多动症患者。情绪调节和基于增援的决策已被报道。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴下移和对压力的自主神经反应也已有报道。CD的管理主要涉及基于父母或家庭的社会心理干预，尽管有时会使用兴奋剂和非典型抗精神病药，尤其是患有合并症的多动症患者。情绪调节和基于增援的决策已被报道。下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴降低和自主神经对压力的反应也已有报道。CD的管理主要涉及基于父母或家庭的社会心理干预，尽管有时会使用兴奋剂和非典型抗精神病药，尤其是患有合并症的多动症患者。