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Eco-evolutionary perspectives of the dynamic relationships linking senescence and cancer
Functional Ecology ( IF 5.2 ) Pub Date : 2019-07-22 , DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13394
Jean‐François Lemaître 1 , Samuel Pavard 2 , Mathieu Giraudeau 3 , Orsolya Vincze 4, 5 , Geordie Jennings 6, 7 , Rodrigo Hamede 6, 7 , Beata Ujvari 6 , Frédéric Thomas 3
Affiliation  

Evidence for actuarial senescence (i.e. the decrease in survival with increasing age) is now widespread across the tree of life. However, demographic senescence patterns are highly variable both between and within species. To understand these variations, there is an urgent need to go beyond aggregated mortality rates and to investigate how age‐specific causes of mortality in animals interact with age‐specific physiological performance. We address this question in the context of cancers. Cancer is a leading cause of death in human populations and has recently been shown to be more prevalent across species than previously thought. Since anthropogenic perturbations drastically increase cancer rates in wild populations of animals, deciphering the complex interactions between senescence and cancer now constitutes a key challenge in evolutionary ecology. Based on classical evolutionary theories of ageing, we first demonstrate that the occurrence of cancers might constitute an underestimated piece of the life‐history jigsaw. We propose that the selection for an increased allocation of resources towards growth and reproduction during early life might potentially favour cancer development, a life‐history pathway that might be functionally mediated by the process of immunosenescence. While we discuss the relevance of other proximate mechanisms suggesting that cancer arises as a direct consequence of senescence, we also argue that cancer itself can promote senescence by notably increasing the amount of resources required for somatic maintenance. Contrary to theoretical predictions, recent empirical evidence suggests that senescence is an asynchronous process among physiological functions. At the same time, the timing of occurrence varies widely between the different types of cancers. We suggest that similar evolutionary forces might shape the synchronicity of senescence and cancer patterns, which emphasize the tight and complex relationships linking these processes. We propose a conceptual background to lay down the foundations and the directions of future research projects aiming to disentangle the dynamic relationship between the evolution of cancer and senescence. We argue that studies embracing these research directions will markedly improve our understanding of both cancer prevalence and timing at the individual, population and species level. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

中文翻译:

连接衰老和癌症的动态关系的生态进化观点

精算衰老的证据(即随着年龄的增加存活率下降)现在在整个生命之树中广泛存在。然而,人口衰老模式在物种之间和物种内部都存在很大差异。为了理解这些变化,迫切需要超越总体死亡率,并研究动物的特定年龄死亡原因如何与特定年龄生理表现相互作用。我们在癌症的背景下解决这个问题。癌症是导致人类死亡的主要原因,最近已证明癌症在不同物种中比以前认为的更为普遍。由于人为扰动极大地增加了野生动物种群的癌症发病率,破译衰老和癌症之间复杂的相互作用现在构成了进化生态学中的一个关键挑战。基于衰老的经典进化理论,我们首先证明癌症的发生可能构成了生活史拼图中被低估的一部分。我们提出,在生命早期,选择更多的资源分配用于生长和繁殖可能有利于癌症的发展,这是一种可能由免疫衰老过程在功能上介导的生命史途径。虽然我们讨论了表明癌症是衰老的直接后果的其他直接机制的相关性,但我们还认为,癌症本身可以通过显着增加体细胞维持所需的资源量来促进衰老。与理论预测相反,最近的经验证据表明衰老是生理功能之间的异步过程。同时,不同类型癌症的发生时间差异很大。我们认为类似的进化力量可能会塑造衰老和癌症模式的同步性,这强调了将这些过程联系起来的紧密而复杂的关系。我们提出了一个概念背景,以奠定未来研究项目的基础和方向,旨在解开癌症进化与衰老之间的动态关系。我们认为,包含这些研究方向的研究将显着提高我们对个体、人群和物种水平的癌症患病率和发生时间的理解。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。我们认为类似的进化力量可能会塑造衰老和癌症模式的同步性,这强调了将这些过程联系起来的紧密而复杂的关系。我们提出了一个概念背景,以奠定未来研究项目的基础和方向,旨在解开癌症进化与衰老之间的动态关系。我们认为,包含这些研究方向的研究将显着提高我们对个体、人群和物种水平的癌症患病率和发生时间的理解。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。我们认为类似的进化力量可能会塑造衰老和癌症模式的同步性,这强调了将这些过程联系起来的紧密而复杂的关系。我们提出了一个概念背景,以奠定未来研究项目的基础和方向,旨在解开癌症进化与衰老之间的动态关系。我们认为,包含这些研究方向的研究将显着提高我们对个体、人群和物种水平的癌症患病率和发生时间的理解。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。我们提出了一个概念背景,以奠定未来研究项目的基础和方向,旨在解开癌症进化与衰老之间的动态关系。我们认为,包含这些研究方向的研究将显着提高我们对个体、人群和物种水平的癌症患病率和发生时间的理解。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。我们提出了一个概念背景,以奠定未来研究项目的基础和方向,旨在解开癌症进化与衰老之间的动态关系。我们认为,包含这些研究方向的研究将显着提高我们对个体、人群和物种水平的癌症患病率和发生时间的理解。可以在本文的支持信息中找到免费的普通语言摘要。
更新日期:2019-07-22
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