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X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers for the Structure and Dynamics of Macromolecules.
Annual Review of Biochemistry ( IF 16.6 ) Pub Date : 2019-06-20 , DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-013118-110744
Henry N Chapman 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

X-ray free-electron lasers provide femtosecond-duration pulses of hard X-rays with a peak brightness approximately one billion times greater than is available at synchrotron radiation facilities. One motivation for the development of such X-ray sources was the proposal to obtain structures of macromolecules, macromolecular complexes, and virus particles, without the need for crystallization, through diffraction measurements of single noncrystalline objects. Initial explorations of this idea and of outrunning radiation damage with femtosecond pulses led to the development of serial crystallography and the ability to obtain high-resolution structures of small crystals without the need for cryogenic cooling. This technique allows the understanding of conformational dynamics and enzymatics and the resolution of intermediate states in reactions over timescales of 100 fs to minutes. The promise of more photons per atom recorded in a diffraction pattern than electrons per atom contributing to an electron micrograph may enable diffraction measurements of single molecules, although challenges remain.

中文翻译:

用于大分子结构和动力学的X射线自由电子激光器。

X射线自由电子激光器可提供飞秒持续时间的硬X射线脉冲,其峰值亮度约为同步辐射设备可提供的十亿倍。开发这种X射线源的一种动机是提出了通过对单个非结晶物体进行衍射测量来获得大分子,大分子复合物和病毒颗粒的结构而无需结晶的提议。对这种想法的初步探索以及飞秒脉冲对辐射造成的超出范围的破坏,导致了串行晶体学的发展以及无需低温冷却即可获得小晶体的高分辨率结构的能力。这项技术可以理解构象动力学和酶学,以及在100 fs至数分钟的时间范围内反应中的中间状态的分解。尽管仍存在挑战,但以衍射图样记录的每个原子的光子比构成电子显微照片的每个原子的电子更多的承诺可能使单分子的衍射测量成为可能。
更新日期:2020-04-21
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