Early Ahmarian, Levantine Aurignacian and Post-Levantine Aurignacian archeological assemblages show that the karstic Manot Cave, located 5 km east of the Mediterranean coast in the Western Galilee region of Israel, was intensively occupied during the Early Upper Paleolithic. The coexistence of these rich archaeological layers with speleothems in Manot Cave provides a window of opportunity for determining the relationships between climatic conditions and the nature of human activity and mobility patterns in the Western Galilee region during the Early Upper Paleolithic period. This study, based on four stalagmites that grew almost continuously from ∼75 to 26.5 ka, covers most of the last glacial, and overlaps with the human occupation of the cave. The speleothems oxygen (δ18O) and carbon (δ13C) isotopic records indicate that climate and environmental conditions fluctuated during the last glacial, some of which correspond with Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles 12, 10, 7 and Heinrich (H) events VI and V. Consistent with independent evidence from botanic and faunal remains, these climatic shifts brought about significant environmental changes in the region, ranging from dominant thick Mediterranean forest to more open landscape. A good correlation with less negative δ13C values is most pronounced during the Early Ahmarian time period, but there was also a change to less negative δ13C values during the Levantine Aurignacian and Post-Levantine Aurignacian industries in the Levant. These positive δ13C shifts suggest that environmental transformation towards a more open grassy landscape dominated by C4 vegetation might have played an important role in the development of these cultural entities (mainly the Early Ahmarian) in Manot Cave region.

中文翻译：

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中晚期和旧石器时代晚期西加利利的气候和环境条件，基于以色列马诺特洞穴的洞穴动物。

早期艾哈迈尔、黎凡特 Aurignacian 和后黎凡特 Aurignacian 考古组合表明，位于以色列西部加利利地区地中海沿岸以东 5 公里处的岩溶马诺特洞穴在旧石器时代早期被密集占领。这些丰富的考古层与马诺特洞穴中的洞穴动物共存为确定旧石器时代早期晚期西加利利地区的气候条件与人类活动的性质和流动模式之间的关系提供了机会之窗。这项研究基于从大约 75 到 26.5 ka 几乎连续生长的四个石笋，涵盖了最后一次冰川的大部分时间，并与人类对洞穴的占领重叠。speleothems 氧 (δ18O) 和碳 (δ13C) 同位素记录表明气候和环境条件在末次冰期波动，其中一些对应于 Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) 周期 12、10、7 和 Heinrich (H) 事件 VI 和V. 与来自植物和动物遗骸的独立证据一致，这些气候变化给该地区带来了显着的环境变化，从占主导地位的茂密地中海森林到更开阔的景观。与较小负 δ13C 值的良好相关性在艾哈迈亚早期时期最为明显，但在黎凡特的黎凡特 Aurignacian 和后黎凡特 Aurignacian 工业期间，δ13C 值的负值也发生了变化。