In eukaryotes, the genome does not exist as a linear molecule but instead is hierarchically packaged inside the nucleus. This complex genome organization includes multiscale structural units of chromosome territories, compartments, topologically associating domains, which are often demarcated by architectural proteins such as CTCF and cohesin, and chromatin loops. The 3D organization of chromatin modulates biological processes such as transcription, DNA replication, cell division and meiosis, which are crucial for cell differentiation and animal development. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of the general principles of chromatin folding, its regulation and its functions in mammalian development. Specifically, we discuss the dynamics of 3D chromatin and genome organization during gametogenesis, embryonic development, lineage commitment and stem cell differentiation, and focus on the functions of chromatin architecture in transcription regulation. Finally, we discuss the role of 3D genome alterations in the aetiology of developmental disorders and human diseases.

中文翻译：

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3D基因组组织在发育和细胞分化中的作用。

在真核生物中，基因组并不以线性分子的形式存在，而是分层次地包装在细胞核内。这种复杂的基因组组织包括染色体领域，区室，拓扑关联域的多尺度结构单元，通常由诸如CTCF和cohesin的建筑蛋白和染色质环来划分边界。染色质的3D组织可调节生物过程，例如转录，DNA复制，细胞分裂和减数分裂，这对于细胞分化和动物发育至关重要。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了染色质折叠的一般原理，其调控及其在哺乳动物发育中的功能的最新进展。具体来说，我们讨论了配子发生，胚胎发育，沿袭承诺和干细胞分化，并专注于染色质体系在转录调控中的功能。最后，我们讨论了3D基因组改变在发育障碍和人类疾病的病因学中的作用。