Experimental techniques to monitor and visualize the behaviors of single nanoparticles have not only revealed the significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity of those individuals, which are hidden in ensemble methods, but more importantly, they have also enabled researchers to elucidate the origin of such heterogeneity. In pursuing the intrinsic structure-function relations of single nanoparticles, the recently developed stochastic collision approach demonstrated some early promise. However, it was later realized that the appropriate sizing of a single nanoparticle by an electrochemical method could be far more challenging than initially expected owing to the dynamic motion of nanoparticles in electrolytes and complex charge-transfer characteristics at electrode surfaces. This clearly indicates a strong necessity to integrate single nanoparticle electrochemistry with high-resolution optical microscopy. Hence, this review aims to give a timely update of the latest progress for both electrochemically sensing and seeing single nanoparticles. A major focus is on collision-based measurements, where nanoparticles or single entities in solution impact on a collector electrode and the electrochemical response is recorded. These measurements are further enhanced with optical measurements in parallel. For completeness, advances in other related methods for single nanoparticle electrochemistry are also included.

中文翻译：

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单纳米粒子电化学。

监视和可视化单个纳米粒子行为的实验技术不仅揭示了这些个体的显着时空异质性（隐藏在集成方法中），而且更重要的是，它们还使研究人员能够阐明这种异质性的起源。在追求单个纳米粒子的内在结构-功能关系时，最近开发的随机碰撞方法证明了一些早期的希望。然而，后来意识到，由于纳米粒子在电解质中的动态运动以及电极表面的复杂电荷转移特性，通过电化学方法对单个纳米粒子进行适当的尺寸设定可能比最初预期的更具挑战性。这清楚地表明了将单个纳米颗粒电化学与高分辨率光学显微镜相集成的强烈必要性。因此，本综述旨在及时更新电化学传感和看到单个纳米颗粒的最新进展。主要关注于基于碰撞的测量，其中溶液中的纳米颗粒或单个实体撞击集电极，并记录电化学响应。这些测量通过并行的光学测量得到进一步增强。为了完整性，还包括其他有关单纳米颗粒电化学方法的进展。主要关注于基于碰撞的测量，其中溶液中的纳米颗粒或单个实体撞击集电极，并记录电化学响应。这些测量通过并行的光学测量得到进一步增强。为了完整性，还包括其他有关单纳米颗粒电化学方法的进展。主要关注于基于碰撞的测量，其中溶液中的纳米颗粒或单个实体撞击集电极，并记录电化学响应。这些测量通过并行的光学测量得到进一步增强。为了完整性，还包括其他有关单纳米颗粒电化学方法的进展。