Understanding and predicting the mechanical behavior of myocardium under healthy and pathophysiological conditions are vital to developing novel cardiac therapies and promoting personalized interventions. Within the past 30 years, various constitutive models have been proposed for the passive mechanical behavior of myocardium. These models cover a broad range of mathematical forms, microstructural observations, and specific test conditions to which they are fitted. We present a critical review of these models, covering both phenomenological and structural approaches, and their relations to the underlying structure and function of myocardium. We further explore the experimental and numerical techniques used to identify the model parameters. Next, we provide a brief overview of continuum-level electromechanical models of myocardium, with a focus on the methods used to integrate the active and passive components of myocardial behavior. We conclude by pointing to future directions in the areas of optimal form as well as new approaches for constitutive modeling of myocardium.

中文翻译：

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心肌生物力学模型的当代观察。

了解和预测健康和病理生理条件下心肌的机械行为对于开发新型心脏疗法和促进个性化干预至关重要。在过去的 30 年中，针对心肌的被动机械行为提出了各种本构模型。这些模型涵盖了广泛的数学形式、微观结构观察以及它们所适用的特定测试条件。我们对这些模型进行了批判性审查，涵盖了现象学和结构方法，以及它们与心肌的潜在结构和功能的关系。我们进一步探索用于识别模型参数的实验和数值技术。接下来，我们简要概述心肌的连续体级机电模型，重点介绍用于整合心肌行为的主动和被动成分的方法。最后，我们指出了最佳形态领域的未来方向以及心肌本构建模的新方法。