Recent advances in the field of cancer metabolism raised awareness for the importance of the tumour microenvironment in tumour growth and progression. The initial theory by Heinrich Warburg was that cancer cells had a deficient oxidative respiration and thus had to perform aerobic glycolysis to produce energy. However, further research suggested that there is a metabolic reprogramming within the tumour microenvironment, controlled by communication between tumour and stromal cells. The importance of this communication exposes the need to use complex models in cancer research. Until recently, classic cell models included immortalized 2D cell lines or patient-derived tumour xenografts. Despite having contributed to many discoveries, these models present many limitations. Improved models are now being developed using 3D cell culture technology. These models are more physiologically relevant allowing the co-culture of different cells types and establishing a gradient concentration of solutes. Recent developments in organoid technology contributed largely to the expansion of 3D cell technology. Organoids can be developed from different tissues including tumours, representing the cell population and spatial organization of the tissue of origin. In the field of cancer metabolism, the interaction of different cell types, the stroma, and the different solutes and oxygen concentrations are crucial parameters. Current models to study metabolism either include only one cell population or are unable to represent solute/oxygen gradients or to collect samples in a proficient manner. The characteristics of organoid culture thus makes them a potent model to use in metabolic studies, drug development, disease model or even personalized medicine.

中文翻译：

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3D胃肠道模型和类器官，以研究人类结肠癌中的新陈代谢。

癌症代谢领域的最新进展提高了人们对肿瘤微环境在肿瘤生长和进展中的重要性的认识。海因里希·沃伯格（Heinrich Warburg）的最初理论是癌细胞具有不足的氧化呼吸作用，因此必须进行有氧糖酵解才能产生能量。但是，进一步的研究表明，在肿瘤微环境中存在着由肿瘤与基质细胞之间的通讯所控制的代谢重编程。这种交流的重要性暴露了在癌症研究中使用复杂模型的需求。直到最近，经典的细胞模型还包括永生化的2D细胞系或患者来源的肿瘤异种移植物。尽管促成了许多发现，但这些模型仍存在许多局限性。现在正在使用3D细胞培养技术开发改进的模型。这些模型在生理上更相关，允许不同细胞类型的共培养并建立溶质的梯度浓度。类器官技术的最新发展在很大程度上推动了3D单元技术的发展。可以从包括肿瘤在内的不同组织中发育类器官，这些组织代表原始组织的细胞数量和空间组织。在癌症代谢领域，不同细胞类型，基质以及不同溶质和氧浓度的相互作用是至关重要的参数。当前研究代谢的模型要么仅包括一个细胞群，要么无法代表溶质/氧气梯度，或者无法以熟练的方式收集样品。因此，类器官培养的特征使其成为代谢研究，药物开发，