Knowledge of atomic interactions with high‐energy photons or particles has opened a window to the microscopic structures of materials. In particular, X‐rays and neutrons interact with electrons and nuclei of atoms in different ways, which enables their complementary scattering, spectroscopic, and imaging capabilities for structural characterizations. In the past decades, techniques based on X‐ray and neutron interactions, capable of being time‐resolved and combined, have been well developed for encoding structures in various length, elemental and temporal levels, and, in turn, have ignited breakthroughs in the field of battery science and engineering. Herein are reviewed the advanced in situ X‐ray and neutron techniques for studying lithium‐ion batteries, which offer dynamic observations of chemical, electronic, and geometric changes during realistic battery operations. For each of the techniques, with a brief description of the theory on account of characterizing principles is given (i.e., scattering, excitation, and emission), followed by an introduction of operando methodologies including instruments, setups, and cell designs employed in synchrotron and neutron beamlines. Finally, a few practical examples are presented to demonstrate the applicability of these techniques in studying Li‐ion batteries, with a particular emphasis on each of their structural sensitivities at various time, elemental, and length levels.

中文翻译：

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锂离子电池能量材料的多尺度结构的原位探测

原子与高能光子或粒子相互作用的知识为材料的微观结构打开了一个窗口。特别是，X射线和中子以不同的方式与原子的电子和原子核相互作用，从而使其具有互补的散射，光谱和成像功能，从而可以进行结构表征。在过去的几十年中，基于X射线和中子相互作用的技术能够被时间分辨和组合，并且已经得到了很好的发展，可以对各种长度，元素和时间水平的结构进行编码，从而激发了突破性进展。电池科学与工程领域。本文对用于研究锂离子电池的先进原位X射线和中子技术进行了综述，这些技术提供了对化学，电子，在实际的电池操作过程中发生几何变化。对于每种技术，给出了基于表征原理的理论的简要说明（即散射，激发和发射），然后介绍了操作方法，包括同步加速器中使用的仪器，装置和电池设计。中子束线。最后，给出了一些实际的例子来说明这些技术在研究锂离子电池中的适用性，并特别强调它们在不同时间，元素和长度水平下的每种结构敏感性。随后介绍了操作方法，包括同步加速器和中子束线中使用的仪器，装置和电池设计。最后，给出了一些实际的例子来说明这些技术在研究锂离子电池中的适用性，并特别强调它们在不同时间，元素和长度水平下的每种结构敏感性。随后介绍了操作方法，包括同步加速器和中子束线中使用的仪器，装置和电池设计。最后，给出了一些实际的例子来说明这些技术在研究锂离子电池中的适用性，并特别强调它们在不同时间，元素和长度水平下的每种结构敏感性。