The ocean—the Earth’s largest ecosystem—is increasingly affected by anthropogenic climate change1,2. Large and globally consistent shifts have been detected in species phenology, range extension and community composition in marine ecosystems3–5. However, despite evidence for ongoing change, it remains unknown whether marine ecosystems have entered an Anthropocene6 state beyond the natural decadal to centennial variability. This is because most observational time series lack a long-term baseline, and the few time series that extend back into the pre-industrial era have limited spatial coverage7,8. Here we use the unique potential of the sedimentary record of planktonic foraminifera—ubiquitous marine zooplankton—to provide a global pre-industrial baseline for the composition of modern species communities. We use a global compilation of 3,774 seafloor-derived planktonic foraminifera communities of pre-industrial age9 and compare these with communities from sediment-trap time series that have sampled plankton flux since ad 1978 (33 sites, 87 observation years). We find that the Anthropocene assemblages differ from their pre-industrial counterparts in proportion to the historical change in temperature. We observe community changes towards warmer or cooler compositions that are consistent with historical changes in temperature in 85% of the cases. These observations not only confirm the existing evidence for changes in marine zooplankton communities in historical times, but also demonstrate that Anthropocene communities of a globally distributed zooplankton group systematically differ from their unperturbed pre-industrial state.Seafloor-derived planktonic foraminifera communities of pre-industrial age are compared with communities from sediment-trap time series and show that Anthropocene communities of a globally distributed zooplankton group differ from their unperturbed pre-industrial state.

中文翻译：

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全球变化驱使现代浮游生物群落远离前工业化状态

海洋——地球上最大的生态系统——越来越多地受到人为气候变化的影响1,2。在海洋生态系统中的物种物候、范围扩展和群落组成中发现了巨大且全球一致的变化 3-5。然而，尽管有证据表明正在发生变化，但海洋生态系统是否已经进入了人类世6 状态，超出了自然十年到百年的变化。这是因为大多数观测时间序列缺乏长期基线，而少数追溯到前工业时代的时间序列空间覆盖范围有限7、8。在这里，我们利用浮游有孔虫（无处不在的海洋浮游动物）沉积记录的独特潜力，为现代物种群落的组成提供全球工业前基线。我们使用3的全局编译，774 个来自前工业时代的海底浮游有孔虫群落9，并将这些群落与自 1978 年以来对浮游生物通量进行采样的沉积物陷阱时间序列中的群落进行比较（33 个地点，87 个观测年）。我们发现，人类世组合与工业化前的组合与温度的历史变化成比例不同。在 85% 的案例中，我们观察到社区向温暖或凉爽成分的变化与历史温度变化一致。这些观察不仅证实了历史时期海洋浮游动物群落变化的现有证据，而且表明全球分布的浮游动物群的人类世群落与其未受干扰的前工业化状态存在系统性差异。