Membrane‐based processes, namely, water purification and harvesting of osmotic power deriving from the difference in salinity between seawater and freshwater are two strategic research fields holding great promise for overcoming critical global issues such as the world growing energy demand, climate change, and access to clean water. Ultrathin membranes based on 2D materials (2DMs) are particularly suitable for highly selective separation of ions and effective generation of blue energy because of their unique physicochemical properties and novel transport mechanisms occurring at the nano‐ and sub‐nanometer length scale. However, due to the relatively high costs of fabrication compared to traditional porous membrane materials, their technological transfer toward large‐scale applications still remains a great challenge. Herein, the authors present an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art in the development of ultrathin membranes based on 2DMs for osmotic power generation and water purification. The authors discuss several synthetic routes to produce atomically thin membranes with controlled porosity and describe in detail their performance, with a particular emphasis on pressure‐retarded osmosis and reversed electrodialysis methods. In the last section, an outlook and current limitations as well as viable future developments in the field of 2DM membranes are provided.

中文翻译：

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用于水净化和蓝色能量收集的原子厚膜

基于膜的过程，即海水和淡水之间盐度差异产生的水净化和渗透力收集是两个战略研究领域，它们有望克服诸如全球不断增长的能源需求，气候变化和获取途径等关键的全球性问题。清洗水。基于2D材料（2DM）的超薄膜特别适合于离子的高度选择性分离和有效产生蓝色能量，因为它们独特的理化性质和在纳米和亚纳米长度尺度上发生的新型传输机制。但是，由于与传统多孔膜材料相比制造成本较高，将其技术应用于大规模应用仍然是一个巨大的挑战。在此处，作者概述了基于2DM的超薄膜在渗透发电和水净化方面的最新技术发展概况。作者讨论了几种制备具有受控孔隙度的原子薄膜的合成路线，并详细描述了它们的性能，尤其着重于压力延迟渗透和反向电渗析方法。在最后一部分中，提供了2DM膜领域的前景和当前局限性以及可行的未来发展。特别着重于压力滞后渗透和反向电渗析方法。在最后一部分中，提供了2DM膜领域的前景和当前局限性以及可行的未来发展。特别着重于压力滞后渗透和反向电渗析方法。在最后一部分中，提供了2DM膜领域的前景和当前局限性以及可行的未来发展。