Memory formation in matter is a theme of broad intellectual relevance; it sits at the interdisciplinary crossroads of physics, biology, chemistry, and computer science. Memory connotes the ability to encode, access, and erase signatures of past history in the state of a system. Once the system has completely relaxed to thermal equilibrium, it is no longer able to recall aspects of its evolution. The memory of initial conditions or previous training protocols will be lost. Thus many forms of memory are intrinsically tied to far-from-equilibrium behavior and to transient response to a perturbation. This general behavior arises in diverse contexts in condensed-matter physics and materials, including phase change memory, shape memory, echoes, memory effects in glasses, return-point memory in disordered magnets, as well as related contexts in computer science. Yet, as opposed to the situation in biology, there is currently no common categorization and description of the memory behavior that appears to be prevalent throughout condensed-matter systems. Here the focus is on material memories. The basic phenomenology of a few of the known behaviors that can be understood as constituting a memory will be described. The hope is that this will be a guide toward developing the unifying conceptual underpinnings for a broad understanding of memory effects that appear in materials.

中文翻译：

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物质中的记忆形成

物质中的记忆形成是广泛的智力相关主题。它位于物理学，生物学，化学和计算机科学的跨学科交叉点。内存表示可以在系统状态下编码，访问和擦除过去历史的签名。一旦系统完全放松到热平衡，它就不再能够回忆其演化的各个方面。初始条件或以前的训练方案的记忆将丢失。因此，许多形式的记忆本质上与远离平衡的行为以及对微扰的瞬态响应有关。这种一般行为是在凝聚态物理和材料的各种情况下产生的，包括相变记忆，形状记忆，回波，玻璃中的记忆效应，无序磁体中的返回点记忆，以及计算机科学中的相关上下文。然而，与生物学中的情况相反，目前没有在整个凝聚态系统中普遍存在的对记忆行为的通用分类和描述。这里的重点是物质记忆。将描述一些可以理解为构成内存的已知行为的基本现象学。希望这将成为发展统一概念基础的指南，以广泛理解材料中出现的记忆效应。将描述一些可以理解为构成内存的已知行为的基本现象学。希望这将成为发展统一概念基础的指南，以广泛理解材料中出现的记忆效应。将描述一些可以理解为构成内存的已知行为的基本现象学。希望这将成为发展统一概念基础的指南，以广泛理解材料中出现的记忆效应。