Bifactor and other hierarchical models have become central to representing and explaining observations in psychopathology, health, and other areas of clinical science, as well as in the behavioral sciences more broadly. This prominence comes after a relatively rapid period of rediscovery, however, and certain features remain poorly understood. Here, hierarchical models are compared and contrasted with other models of superordinate structure, with a focus on implications for model comparisons and interpretation. Issues pertaining to the specification and estimation of bifactor and other hierarchical models are reviewed in exploratory as well as confirmatory modeling scenarios, as are emerging findings about model fit and selection. Bifactor and other hierarchical models provide a powerful mechanism for parsing shared and unique components of variance, but care is required in specifying and making inferences about them.

中文翻译：

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双因素和层次模型：规范，推理和解释。

双因子和其他分层模型已成为代表和解释心理病理学，健康，临床科学其他领域以及行为科学中的观察结果的中心。然而，在相对快速的重新发现期之后，这种重要性才得以体现，而且某些功能仍然知之甚少。在这里，将层次模型与其他上级结构模型进行比较和对比，重点在于模型比较和解释的含义。在探索性和验证性建模方案中，都审查了与双因素模型和其他分层模型的规范和估计有关的问题，以及有关模型拟合和选择的新发现。