Dispersal allows species to shift their distributions in response to changing climate conditions. As a result, dispersal is considered a key process contributing to a species' long‐term persistence. For many passive dispersers, fluid dynamics of wind and water fuel these movements and different species have developed remarkable adaptations for utilizing this energy to reach and colonize suitable habitats. The seafaring propagules (fruits and seeds) of mangroves represent an excellent example of such passive dispersal. Mangroves are halophytic woody plants that grow in the intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical shorelines and produce hydrochorous propagules with high dispersal potential. This results in exceptionally large coastal ranges across vast expanses of ocean and allows species to shift geographically and track the conditions to which they are adapted. This is particularly relevant given the challenges presented by rapid sea‐level rise, higher frequency and intensity of storms, and changes in regional precipitation and temperature regimes. However, despite its importance, the underlying drivers of mangrove dispersal have typically been studied in isolation, and a conceptual synthesis of mangrove oceanic dispersal across spatial scales is lacking. Here, we review current knowledge on mangrove propagule dispersal across the various stages of the dispersal process. Using a general framework, we outline the mechanisms and ecological processes that are known to modulate the spatial patterns of mangrove dispersal. We show that important dispersal factors remain understudied and that adequate empirical data on the determinants of dispersal are missing for most mangrove species. This review particularly aims to provide a baseline for developing future research agendas and field campaigns, filling current knowledge gaps and increasing our understanding of the processes that shape global mangrove distributions.

中文翻译：

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红树林繁殖体扩散的一般框架

扩散允许物种改变其分布以响应不断变化的气候条件。因此，扩散被认为是促成物种长期存在的关键过程。对于许多被动散布者来说，风和水的流体动力学为这些运动提供动力，不同的物种已经发展出非凡的适应性，以利用这种能量到达和定居合适的栖息地。红树林的航海繁殖体（果实和种子）代表了这种被动传播的一个很好的例子。红树林是生长在热带和亚热带海岸线潮间带的盐生木本植物，产生具有高扩散潜力的含水繁殖体。这导致在广阔的海洋中形成异常大的沿海范围，并允许物种在地理上转移并跟踪它们适应的条件。考虑到海平面快速上升、风暴频率和强度更高以及区域降水和温度状况变化带来的挑战，这一点尤其重要。然而，尽管它很重要，但红树林扩散的潜在驱动因素通常被孤立地研究，并且缺乏跨空间尺度的红树林海洋扩散的概念综合。在这里，我们回顾了目前关于红树林繁殖体在传播过程各个阶段的传播知识。使用一般框架，我们概述了已知调节红树林扩散空间格局的机制和生态过程。我们表明，重要的扩散因素仍未得到充分研究，并且大多数红树林物种缺少关于扩散决定因素的足够经验数据。本综述特别旨在为制定未来的研究议程和实地活动提供基线，填补当前的知识空白，并增加我们对塑造全球红树林分布过程的理解。