The size of seeds affects not only evolutionary fitness but also grain yield of crops. Understanding the mechanisms controlling seed size has become an important research field in plant science. Seed size is determined by the integrated signals of maternal and zygotic tissues, which control the coordinated growth of the embryo, endosperm, and seed coat. Recent advances have identified several signaling pathways that control seed size through maternal tissues, including or involving the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, G-protein signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, phytohormone perception and homeostasis, and some transcriptional regulators. Meanwhile, growth of the zygotic tissues is regulated in part by the HAIKU (IKU) pathway and phytohormones. This review provides a general overview of current findings in seed size control and discusses the emerging molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks found to be involved.

中文翻译：

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植物种子大小控制的分子网络

种子的大小不仅影响进化适应性，而且影响作物的粮食产量。了解控制种子大小的机制已成为植物科学的一个重要研究领域。种子大小由母体和合子组织的综合信号决定，这些信号控制着胚胎、胚乳和种皮的协调生长。最近的进展已经确定了几种通过母体组织控制种子大小的信号通路，包括或涉及泛素-蛋白酶体通路、G 蛋白信号、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶 (MAPK) 信号、植物激素感知和体内平衡以及一些转录调节因子。同时，合子组织的生长部分受 HAIKU (IKU) 途径和植物激素的调节。