In order to optimally establish their root systems, plants are endowed with several mechanisms to use at distinct steps during their development. In this review, we zoom in on the major processes involved in root development and detail important new insights that have been generated in recent studies, mainly using the Arabidopsis root as a model. First, we discuss new insights in primary root development with the characterization of tissue-specific transcription factor complexes and the identification of non-cell-autonomous control mechanisms in the root apical meristem. Next, root branching is discussed by focusing on the earliest steps in the development of a new lateral root and control of its postemergence growth. Finally, we discuss the impact of phosphate, nitrogen, and water availability on root development and summarize current knowledge about the major molecular mechanisms involved.

中文翻译：

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根发育的分子和环境调控

为了最佳地建立它们的根系，植物被赋予了几种机制，可以在它们的发育过程中在不同的步骤中使用。在这篇综述中，我们放大了根发育所涉及的主要过程，并详细介绍了最近研究中产生的重要新见解，主要使用拟南芥根作为模型。首先，我们通过组织特异性转录因子复合物的表征和根尖分生组织中非细胞自主控制机制的鉴定，讨论了初生根发育的新见解。接下来，通过关注新侧根发育的最早步骤和控制其芽后生长来讨论根分枝。最后，我们讨论了磷酸盐、氮、