Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant-herbivore interactions and discuss how their discovery has structured the current standard model of plant-herbivore interactions. Plants perceive damage-associated and, possibly, herbivore-associated molecular patterns via receptors that activate early signaling components such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant-herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant-insect interactions should be a future priority.

中文翻译：

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植物与昆虫食草动物之间的分子相互作用

多种分子过程调节植物和昆虫食草动物之间的相互作用。在这里，我们回顾了涉及植物-食草动物相互作用的基因和蛋白质，并讨论它们的发现如何构建当前植物-食草动物相互作用的标准模型。植物通过激活早期信号成分（如 Ca2+、活性氧和 MAP 激酶）的受体感知与损伤相关的，可能还有与食草动物相关的分子模式。特定的防御重编程通过包括植物激素、次级代谢物和转录因子在内的信号网络进行。毒素、防御蛋白、物理屏障和耐受性特征的局部和全身调节可保护植物免受食草动物的侵害。食草动物通过生化防御失活来抵消植物防御，效应子介导的防御信号抑制和化学控制的行为变化。植物-食草动物相互作用的分子基础现已为模型系统建立。将分子方法扩展到植物-昆虫相互作用的未探索维度应该是未来的优先事项。