Ecological specialization in plants occurs primarily through local adaptation to different environments. Local adaptation is widely thought to result in costly fitness trade-offs that result in maladaptation to alternative environments. However, recent studies suggest that such trade-offs are not universal. Further, there is currently a limited understanding of the molecular mechanisms responsible for fitness trade-offs associated with adaptation. Here, we review the literature on stress responses in plants to identify potential mechanisms underlying local adaptation and ecological specialization. We focus on drought, high and low temperature, flooding, herbivore, and pathogen stresses. We then synthesize our findings with recent advances in the local adaptation and plant molecular biology literature. In the process, we identify mechanisms that could cause fitness trade-offs and outline scenarios where trade-offs are not a necessary consequence of adaptation. Future studies should aim to explicitly integrate molecular mechanisms into studies of local adaptation.

中文翻译：

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植物局部适应的分子视角：结合应激反应网络

植物的生态专业化主要通过局部适应不同环境而发生。人们普遍认为局部适应会导致代价高昂的适应性权衡，从而导致对替代环境的适应不良。然而，最近的研究表明，这种权衡并不普遍。此外，目前对负责与适应相关的适应性权衡的分子机制的理解有限。在这里，我们回顾了关于植物应激反应的文献，以确定局部适应和生态专业化的潜在机制。我们专注于干旱、高温和低温、洪水、食草动物和病原体胁迫。然后，我们将我们的发现与局部适应和植物分子生物学文献的最新进展进行综合。进行中，我们确定了可能导致适应度权衡的机制，并概述了权衡不是适应的必要结果的场景。未来的研究应旨在将分子机制明确整合到局部适应研究中。