Cancer immunotherapy is revolutionizing oncology. However, dose-limiting toxicities and low patient response rates remain major challenges in the clinic. Cancer nanomedicine in combination with immunotherapies offers the possibility to amplify antitumour immune responses and to sensitize tumours to immunotherapies in a safe and effective manner. In this Review, we discuss opportunities for combination immunotherapy based on nanoparticle platforms designed for chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, radiotherapy and gene therapy. We highlight how nanoparticles can be used to reprogramme the immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment and to trigger systemic antitumour immunity, synergizing with immunotherapies against advanced cancer. Finally, we discuss strategies to improve tumour and immune cell targeting while minimizing toxicity and immune-related adverse events, and we explore the potential of theranostic nanoparticles for combination immunotherapy.

癌症免疫疗法正在彻底改变肿瘤学。然而，限制剂量的毒性和较低的患者反应率仍然是临床上的主要挑战。癌症纳米医学与免疫疗法的结合提供了以安全有效的方式放大抗肿瘤免疫反应并使肿瘤对免疫疗法敏感的可能性。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了基于纳米颗粒平台的联合免疫疗法的机会，该平台设计用于化学疗法，光热疗法，光动力疗法，放射疗法和基因疗法。我们重点介绍了如何使用纳米粒子重新编程免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境并触发全身性抗肿瘤免疫力，并与针对晚期癌症的免疫疗法协同作用。最后，