Approximately three billion individuals are exposed to household air pollution (HAP) from the burning of biomass fuels worldwide. Household air pollution is responsible for 2.9 million annual deaths and causes significant health, economic and social consequences, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Although there is biological plausibility to draw an association between HAP exposure and respiratory diseases, existing evidence is either lacking or conflicting. We abstracted systematic reviews and meta-analyses for summaries available for common respiratory diseases in any age group and performed a literature search to complement these reviews with newly published studies. Based on the literature summarized in this review, HAP exposure has been associated with acute respiratory infections, tuberculosis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumoconiosis, head and neck cancers, and lung cancer. No study, however, has established a causal link between HAP exposure and respiratory disease. Furthermore, few studies have controlled for tobacco smoke exposure and outdoor air pollution. More studies with consistent diagnostic criteria and exposure monitoring are needed to accurately document the association between household air pollution exposure and respiratory disease. Better environmental exposure monitoring is critical to better separate the contributions of household air pollution from that of other exposures, including ambient air pollution and tobacco smoking. Clinicians should be aware that patients with current or past HAP exposure are at increased risk for respiratory diseases or malignancies and may want to consider earlier screening in this population.

中文翻译：

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家庭空气污染和呼吸道疾病的健康和社会影响。

全球约有 30 亿人因燃烧生物质燃料而受到家庭空气污染 (HAP) 的影响。家庭空气污染每年导致 290 万人死亡，并造成严重的健康、经济和社会后果，特别是在低收入和中等收入国家。尽管在 HAP 暴露与呼吸系统疾病之间建立联系具有生物学合理性，但现有证据要么缺乏，要么相互矛盾。我们对任何年龄组常见呼吸系统疾病的总结进行了系统综述和荟萃分析，并进行了文献检索，以新发表的研究来补充这些综述。根据本综述总结的文献，HAP 暴露与急性呼吸道感染、肺结核、哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病、尘肺、头颈癌和肺癌有关。然而，尚无研究证实 HAP 暴露与呼吸道疾病之间存在因果关系。此外，很少有研究控制烟草烟雾暴露和室外空气污染。需要更多具有一致诊断标准和暴露监测的研究来准确记录家庭空气污染暴露与呼吸道疾病之间的关联。更好的环境暴露监测对于更好地将家庭空气污染的影响与其他暴露（包括环境空气污染和吸烟）的影响区分开来至关重要。临床医生应意识到，当前或过去接触过 HAP 的患者患呼吸道疾病或恶性肿瘤的风险增加，可能需要考虑对该人群进行早期筛查。