The immune system plays key roles in tissue homeostatic and disease processes, and manipulation of innate and adaptive immune responses is of great promise for a wide array of human afflictions, including tissue repair and regeneration, cancer, autoimmune syndromes and chronic infections. Systemic approaches to immunomodulation can correct both hypoactive and hyperactive immunity; however, they typically interfere with the homeostatic role of the immune system at nontarget sites, are associated with lifelong comorbidities and potentially fatal side effects. To overcome these issues, macroscale delivery devices can be placed at sites of interest in the body and engineered to locally control the pharmacokinetics of immunomodulatory agents, including small molecules, macromolecules and cells. In this Review, we outline important cellular targets of immunotherapies in tissue repair and cancer and discuss how macroscale delivery devices can be designed to modulate the release of molecular factors to impact immune cell behaviour, control the fate of delivered therapeutic cells or directly recruit, house and modulate host cells for immunotherapy applications.

免疫系统在组织稳态和疾病过程中起着关键作用，而对先天性和适应性免疫反应的操纵对于广泛的人类疾病具有广阔的前景，包括组织修复和再生，癌症，自身免疫综合症和慢性感染。全身性免疫调节方法可纠正机能减退和机能亢进。但是，它们通常会干扰非目标部位免疫系统的稳态作用，并伴有终身合并症和潜在的致命副作用。为了克服这些问题，可以将大型递送装置放置在体内感兴趣的部位，并进行工程设计以局部控制免疫调节剂（包括小分子，大分子和细胞）的药代动力学。在这篇评论中，