Use of lithium-ion batteries has raised safety issues owing to chemical leakages, overcharging, external heating, or explosions. A risk assessment was conducted for hydrofluoric acid (HF) and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) which potential might leak from lithium-ion batteries. The inhalation no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for HF was 0.75 mg/kg/d. When a lithium-ion battery explodes in a limited space, HF emissions amount to 10–100 ppm. Assuming the worst-case scenario, the conversion rate was calculated to be 81.8 mg/m³, and the average daily dose (ADD) was 19.5 mg/kg/d. Consequently, the margin of exposure (MOE = NOAEL/ADD) was 0.034, a value which constitutes an unsafe inhalation exposure for HF. Conversely, skin toxicity NOAEL for LiOH was 41.35 mg/kg/d⁻. This LiOH value reflects the amount of lithium in the lithium-ion battery, which is generated upon contact between water and the electrolyte. The quantity of lithium in a mobile phone is approximately 295 mg, and systemic exposure dose (SED) was 4.92 mg/kg/d. Accordingly, the MOE (NOAEL/SED) value was 8.41, and skin exposure of LiOH was deemed as safe for humans. However, it is important that Energy Storage System batteries still require safety measures and technologies for next-generation batteries, to prevent any potential explosions of lithium-ion batteries.

由于化学泄漏，过度充电，外部加热或爆炸，锂离子电池的使用提出了安全问题。对氢氟酸（HF）和氢氧化锂（LiOH）进行了风险评估，这可能会从锂离子电池中泄漏出来。HF的吸入未观察到的不良反应水平（NOAEL）为0.75 mg / kg / d。当锂离子电池在有限的空间内爆炸时，HF排放量为10–100 ppm。假定最坏的情况，转化率经计算为81.8 mg / m ³，平均日剂量（ADD）为19.5 mg / kg / d。因此，暴露的余量（MOE = NOAEL / ADD）为0.034，该值构成HF的不安全吸入暴露。相反，皮肤毒性NOAEL为氢氧化锂为41.35毫克/千克/ d ^-。该LiOH值反映了锂离子电池中锂的量，该锂量是水与电解质接触时产生的。手机中的锂含量约为295 mg，全身暴露剂量（SED）为4.92 mg / kg / d。因此，MOE（NOAEL / SED）值为8.41，LiOH的皮肤暴露被认为对人类是安全的。但是，重要的是，储能系统电池仍需要下一代电池的安全措施和技术，以防止锂离子电池发生任何潜在爆炸。