After briefly introducing the future scenario for energy and chemical production to remark the need to develop new catalytic routes to use C-sources alternative to fossil resources, this perspective paper discusses two key technologies in this direction to move beyond fossil fuels: i) waste-to-chemical, with a discussion of the techno-economic aspects to convert municipal solid wastes to base chemicals (urea, methanol, olefins), and ii) power-to-X, with focus on CO₂ methanation. Attention is on the role of syngas in the future scenario, evidencing some of the open questions for catalysis on these technologies. For CO₂ methanation, it is highlighted that the crucial aspects of catalysts development are often not properly addressed, in spite of the abundant literature.

在简要介绍了能源和化学生产的未来情况，并指出了开发新的催化路线以使用碳源替代化石资源的必要性之后，本观点文章讨论了朝着超越化石燃料的方向发展的两种关键技术：化工，讨论将城市固体废物转化为基础化学品（尿素，甲醇，烯烃）的技术经济方面，以及ii）以X为动力，重点是CO ₂甲烷化。注意合成气在未来场景中的作用，为催化这些技术提供了一些未解决的问题。对于CO ₂甲烷化，需要强调的是，尽管有大量文献，但催化剂开发的关键方面通常得不到适当的解决。