Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD esters) are a new group of processing-induced chemical toxicants with possible nephrotoxicity and testicular toxicity. 3-MCPD esters have been detected in many food categories, including refined edible oils, bread, coffee, and infant formula. 3-MCPD esters have also been detected in human breast milk, indicating their possible absorption and distribution in human organs and tissues. 3-MCPD esters have become a food safety concern, and in 2013 the European Food Safety Authority estimated a tolerable daily value (TDI) of 2 μg/kg body weight (BW) for the amount of free 3-MCPD. This review summarizes the available information on 3-MCPD ester research, including the analytical methods, exposure biomarkers, absorption and metabolism, toxicities, formation mechanisms, and mitigation strategies as well as the occurrence of 3-MCPD esters in human foods. This review may serve as a scientific foundation for advancing our understanding of 3-MCPD esters and their food safety concerns.

中文翻译：

---

3-一氯丙二醇的脂肪酸酯：综述。

3-一氯丙烷-1，2-二醇的脂肪酸酯（3-MCPD酯）是一类新的由加工诱导的化学毒物，可能具有肾毒性和睾丸毒性。在许多食品类别中都检测到3-MCPD酯，包括精制食用油，面包，咖啡和婴儿配方食品。在人母乳中也检测到3-MCPD酯，表明它们在人体器官和组织中可能吸收和分布。3-MCPD酯已成为食品安全关注的问题，2013年，欧洲食品安全局估计游离3-MCPD的量的每日允许摄入量（TDI）为2μg/ kg体重（BW）。这篇评论总结了有关3-MCPD酯研究的可用信息，包括分析方法，暴露生物标志物，吸收和代谢，毒性，形成机理，和缓解策略以及在人类食品中出现3-MCPD酯。这篇综述可以作为加深我们对3-MCPD酯及其食品安全关注的理解的科学基础。