Exposure to ambient air pollution and noise is ubiquitous globally. A strong body of evidence links air pollution, and recently noise, to cardiovascular conditions that eventually may also affect cognition in the elderly. Data that support a broader influence of these exposures on cognitive function during aging is just starting to emerge. This review summarizes current findings and discusses methodological challenges and opportunities for research. Although current evidence is still limited, especially for chronic noise exposure, high exposure has been associated with faster cognitive decline either mediated through cerebrovascular events or resulting in Alzheimer's disease. Ambient environmental exposures are chronic and affect large populations. While they may yield relatively modest-sized risks, they nevertheless result in large numbers of cases. Reducing environmental pollution is clearly feasible, though lowering levels requires collective action and long-term policies such as standard setting, often at the national level as well as at the local level.

中文翻译：

---

环境空气污染，噪音以及后期认知下降和痴呆风险。

全球普遍存在暴露于环境空气污染和噪声的环境。有力的证据将空气污染和最近的噪音与心血管疾病联系起来，而心血管疾病最终也可能影响老年人的认知能力。支持这些暴露对衰老过程中的认知功能产生更广泛影响的数据才刚刚开始出现。这篇综述总结了当前的发现，并讨论了方法学上的挑战和研究机会。尽管目前的证据仍然有限，特别是对于慢性噪音暴露，但高暴露与较快的认知下降有关，后者是通过脑血管事件介导的，或导致了阿尔茨海默氏病。环境暴露是长期的，影响人口众多。尽管它们可能会产生相对较小的风险，但是，它们仍然导致大量案件。降低环境污染显然是可行的，尽管降低排放水平通常需要在国家和地方各级采取集体行动和制定标准等长期政策。