T of flying organisms (eg birds, bats, insects) occupy the airspace within the troposphere during different periods of their annual cycles (Diehl 2013). The recent recognition of airspace as vital habitat – one that is subject to increasing modification by humans – highlights the fundamental need to understand how organisms cope with such alterations (Lambertucci et al. 2015), which pose numerous challenges to airborne organisms during periods of transit, including nocturnally migrating birds. Of the nearly 630 terrestrial species of birds regularly occurring in North America, approximately 70% are considered migratory, and of these more than 80% migrate at night (WebTable 1). Yet most studies of associated risks have focused on terrestrial habitats, underscoring a fundamental knowledge gap that can be addressed with recent technological (including computational) advances. Light pollution of the airspace is a relatively recent but growing threat to nocturnally migrating birds (Longcore and Rich 2004; Van Doren et al. 2017; CabreraCruz et al. 2018). Increasing urbanization has greatly amplified the amount of artificial light at night (ALAN; Kyba et al. 2017), with almost onehalf of the contiguous US experiencing substantially photopolluted nights (Falchi et al. 2016). Light sources – including streetlights, safety lights, and extensively lit buildings – can disturb wildlife in a multitude of ways (Gauthreux and Belser 2005; Hölker et al. 2010; Rodríguez et al. 2017). Highpower light installations like lighthouses and communication towers are known to attract nocturnal migrants and are responsible for substantial mortality (Gauthreux and Belser 2005; Longcore et al. 2012). The numbers of birds attracted to or trapped by illumination depend on light wavelength (Poot et al. 2008) as well as weather factors such as fog and precipitation (Gauthreux and Belser 2005). Highpower light installations can even attract migrants in already heavily photopolluted areas and in skies with clear weather conditions (Van Doren et al. 2017). An increasing number of artificial structures are now present in the lowest reaches of the troposphere (Davy et al. 2017), and their continued expansion poses an everincreasing threat to wildlife. In the contiguous US, annual fatal bird collisions with buildings, communication towers, power lines, and wind turbines cumulatively number in the hundreds of millions (Loss et al. 2015). For nocturnally migrating birds, direct mortality as a result of collisions due to attraction to light (Gauthreux and Belser 2005) is the most obvious and direct effect of ALAN, but there are also more subtle effects, such as disrupted orientation (Poot et al. 2008) and changes in habitat selection (McLaren et al. 2018). There is also growing evidence that light pollution alters behavior at regional scales, with migrants occupying urban centers at higherthanexpected rates as a function of urban illumination (La Sorte et al. 2017). While ALAN acts as an attractant at both large (La Sorte et al. 2017) and local (Van Doren et al. 2017) scales, there is also evidence of migrating birds avoiding strongly lit areas when selecting critical resting sites needed to rebuild energy stores (McLaren et al. 2018).

中文翻译：

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大城市的明亮灯光：候鸟暴露在人造光下

飞行生物（例如鸟类、蝙蝠、昆虫）在其年度周期的不同时期占据对流层内的空域的 T（Diehl 2013）。最近认识到空域是重要的栖息地——一个受到人类越来越多改造的栖息地——强调了了解生物如何应对此类变化的基本需求（Lambertucci 等人，2015 年），这对过境期间的空中生物构成了许多挑战，包括夜间迁徙的鸟类。在北美经常出现的近 630 种陆生鸟类中，大约 70% 被认为是迁徙的，其中 80% 以上的鸟类在夜间迁徙（网络表 1）。然而，大多数相关风险的研究都集中在陆地栖息地，强调可以通过最近的技术（包括计算）进步来解决的基本知识差距。空域的光污染相对较新，但对夜间迁徙鸟类的威胁越来越大（Longcore 和 Rich 2004；Van Doren 等，2017；CabreraCruz 等，2018）。城市化进程的加快极大地增加了夜间人造光的数量（ALAN；Kyba 等人，2017 年），美国近一半的邻近地区经历了严重的光污染夜晚（Falchi 等人，2016 年）。光源——包括路灯、安全灯和广泛照明的建筑物——可以通过多种方式干扰野生动物（Gauthreux 和 Belser 2005；Hölker 等人 2010；Rodríguez 等人 2017）。众所周知，灯塔和通讯塔等大功率照明装置会吸引夜间迁徙者，并导致大量死亡（Gauthreux 和 Belser，2005 年；Longcore 等人，2012 年）。被光照吸引或捕获的鸟类数量取决于光波长（Poot 等人，2008 年）以及雾和降水等天气因素（Gauthreux 和 Belser 2005 年）。高功率照明装置甚至可以吸引已经严重光污染的地区和天气晴朗的天空中的移民（Van Doren 等人，2017 年）。现在，越来越多的人工结构出现在对流层的最低端（Davy 等人，2017 年），它们的持续扩张对野生动物构成了越来越大的威胁。在毗邻的美国，每年都会发生致命的鸟类与建筑物、通讯塔、电力线和风力涡轮机的累计数量达到数亿台（Loss 等人，2015 年）。对于夜间迁徙的鸟类，由于对光的吸引力（Gauthreux 和 Belser 2005）的碰撞导致的直接死亡是 ALAN 最明显和直接的影响，但也有更微妙的影响，例如定向紊乱（Poot 等人，2005 年）。 2008) 和栖息地选择的变化 (McLaren et al. 2018)。也有越来越多的证据表明光污染会在区域范围内改变行为，作为城市照明的函数，移民以高于预期的速度占据城市中心（La Sorte 等人，2017 年）。虽然 ALAN 在大型 (La Sorte et al. 2017) 和局部 (Van Doren et al. 2017) 尺度上都具有吸引力，