Cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an allotetraploid crop planted in Asia, Africa, and America for edible oil and protein. To explore the origins and consequences of tetraploidy, we sequenced the allotetraploid A. hypogaea genome and compared it with the related diploid Arachis duranensis and Arachis ipaensis genomes. We annotated 39 888 A-subgenome genes and 41 526 B-subgenome genes in allotetraploid peanut. The A. hypogaea subgenomes have evolved asymmetrically, with the B subgenome resembling the ancestral state and the A subgenome undergoing more gene disruption, loss, conversion, and transposable element proliferation, and having reduced gene expression during seed development despite lacking genome-wide expression dominance. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses identified more than 2 500 oil metabolism-related genes and revealed that most of them show altered expression early in seed development while their expression ceases during desiccation, presenting a comprehensive map of peanut lipid biosynthesis. The availability of these genomic resources will facilitate a better understanding of the complex genome architecture, agronomically and economically important genes, and genetic improvement of peanut.

栽培花生（花生）是一种在亚洲，非洲和美国种植的用于食用油和蛋白质的异源四倍体作物。为了探索四倍体的起源和后果，我们对异源四倍体A进行了测序。。花生基因组，并与相关的二倍体相比，它蔓花生和花生ipaensis基因组。我们注释了异源四倍体花生中的39 888个A亚基因组基因和41 526个B亚基因组基因。的一个。催眠亚基因组已经不对称地进化，B亚基因组类似于祖先状态，A亚基因组经历了更多的基因破坏，丢失，转化和转座因子增殖，尽管缺乏基因组范围内的表达优势，但在种子发育过程中基因表达却下降了。基因组和转录组学分析鉴定了超过2500个与油脂代谢相关的基因，并揭示了其中大多数在种子发育早期显示改变的表达，而在干燥过程中它们的表达停止，从而提供了花生脂质生物合成的全面图谱。这些基因组资源的可用性将有助于更好地理解复杂的基因组结构，在农学和经济上重要的基因以及花生的遗传改良。