Carbon–carbon allotropic hybrids and their composites are reviewed. Carbon–carbon hybrids are mainly composed of graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbyne chains, fullerenes and more complex spherical and ring-ike carbon forms, graphene quantum dots, and carbon nanodots. Aerogels and xerogels on their basis are also discussed. Most of these hybrides consist of 3D architectures with either covalent or van der Waals interactions between carbon atoms, possessing unusual properties as compared to their counterparts, because of the simultaneous presence of carbon structures of distinct dimensionality and reactivity. These composites can be prepared by a variety of methods starting from already existing allotropes, or by their synthesis in situ, such as chemical vapor deposition, solvothermal techniques, pyrolysis, ultrasonication in solution, and other liquid-phase methods, frequently including redox steps. Current and potential applications of hybrids and their metal-doped composites as supercapacitors, sensors, catalysts, and environmental remediation reactants are described.

中文翻译：

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碳-碳同素异形杂化物和复合材料：合成，性质和应用

碳碳同素异形杂种及其复合材料进行了审查。碳-碳杂化物主要由石墨烯，石墨，氧化石墨烯，还原的氧化石墨烯，碳纳米管，碳炔链，富勒烯以及更复杂的球形和环状ike碳形式，石墨烯量子点和碳纳米点组成。还讨论了基于它们的气凝胶和干凝胶。这些杂化物中的大多数由3D结构组成，这些3D结构在碳原子之间具有共价或范德华相互作用，与之相比，它们具有不同寻常的性质，因为同时存在具有不同尺寸和反应性的碳结构。这些复合材料可以通过多种方法来制备，这些方法从已经存在的同素异形体开始，或者通过它们的原位合成来进行，例如化学气相沉积，溶剂热技术，热解，溶液超声处理和其他液相方法，通常包括氧化还原步骤。描述了混合动力及其金属掺杂的复合材料作为超级电容器，传感器，催化剂和环境修复反应物的当前和潜在应用。