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Small open reading frames and cellular stress responses
Molecular Omics ( IF 2.9 ) Pub Date : 2019-02-13 , DOI: 10.1039/c8mo00283e
Alexandra Khitun 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Travis J. Ness 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 , Sarah A. Slavoff 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliation  

Small open reading frames (smORFs) encoding polypeptides of less than 100 amino acids in eukaryotes (50 amino acids in prokaryotes) were historically excluded from genome annotation. However, recent advances in genomics, ribosome footprinting, and proteomics have revealed thousands of translated smORFs in genomes spanning evolutionary space. These smORFs can encode functional polypeptides, or act as cis-translational regulators. Herein we review evidence that some smORF-encoded polypeptides (SEPs) participate in stress responses in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and that some upstream ORFs (uORFs) regulate stress-responsive translation of downstream cistrons in eukaryotic cells. These studies provide insight into a regulated subclass of smORFs and suggest that at least some SEPs may participate in maintenance of cellular homeostasis under stress.

中文翻译:

小型开放阅读框和细胞应激反应

历史上,从基因组注释中排除了编码真核生物中少于100个氨基酸的多肽(原核生物中50个氨基酸)的小型开放阅读框(smORF)。但是,基因组学,核糖体足迹和蛋白质组学的最新进展揭示了跨越进化空间的基因组中成千上万个翻译过的smORF。这些smORF可以编码功能性多肽,或充当顺式-翻译调节剂。在本文中,我们审查了一些证据,即一些smORF编码的多肽(SEP)参与原核生物和真核生物的应激反应,并且某些上游ORF(uORF)调节真核细胞中下游顺反子的应激反应翻译。这些研究提供了对smORFs调控亚类的洞察力,并表明至少某些SEP可能参与应激状态下细胞稳态的维持。
更新日期:2019-04-08
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