The need to assess the human and environmental risks of nanoparticles (NPs) has prompted an adaptation of existing techniques and the development of new ones. Nanoparticle analysis poses a great challenge as the analytical information has to consider both physical (e.g. size and shape) and chemical (e.g. elemental composition) state of the analyte. Furthermore, one has to contemplate the transformation of NPs during the sample preparation and provide sufficient information about the new species derived from such alteration. Traditional techniques commonly used for NP analysis such as microscopy and light scattering are still frequently used for NPs in simple matrices; however, they have limitations in the analysis of complex environmental and biological samples. On the other hand, recent improvements in data acquisition frequencies and reduction of settling time of ICP-MS brought inorganic mass spectrometry into the forefront of NPs analysis. However, with the increasing demand of analytical information related to NPs, emerging techniques such as enhanced darkfield hyperspectral imaging, nano-SIMS and mass cytometry are in their way to fill the gaps. This trend review presents and discusses the state-of-the-art analytical techniques and sample preparation methods for NP analysis in biological matrices.

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评估纳米颗粒（NPs）的人类和环境风险的需求促使对现有技术进行调整，并开发了新技术。纳米颗粒分析提出了巨大的挑战，因为分析信息必须考虑分析物的物理（例如大小和形状）和化学（例如元素组成）状态。此外，必须考虑在样品制备过程中NP的转化，并提供有关源自这种改变的新物种的足够信息。NP分析中常用的传统技术，例如显微镜和光散射，仍然经常用于简单基质中的NP。但是，它们在分析复杂的环境和生物样品方面存在局限性。另一方面，近年来，数据采集频率的提高和ICP-MS沉降时间的减少使无机质谱法成为NPs分析的前沿。但是，随着与NP相关的分析信息需求的不断增长，新兴技术（如增强型暗场高光谱成像，nano-SIMS和大规模细胞计数法）正在填补这些空白。本趋势回顾介绍并讨论了用于生物基质中NP分析的最新分析技术和样品制备方法。

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