The perovskite structure is one of the most wonderful to exist in nature. It obeys to a quite simple chemical formula, ABX3, in which A and B are metallic cations and X, an anion, usually oxygen. The anion packing is rather compact and leaves interstices for large A and small B cations. The A cation can be mono, di or trivalent, whereas B can be a di, tri, tetra, penta or hexavalent cation. This gives an extraordinary possibility of different combinations and partial or total substitutions, resulting in an incredible large number of compounds. Their physical and chemical properties strongly depend on the nature and oxidation states of cations, on the anionic and cationic stoichiometry, on the crystalline structure and elaboration techniques, etc. In this work, we review the different and most usual crystalline representations of perovskites, from high (cubic) to low (triclinic) symmetries, some well-known preparation methods, insisting for instance, in quite novel and original techniques such as the mechanosynthesis processing. Physical properties are reviewed, emphasizing the electrical (proton, ionic or mixed conductors) and catalytic properties of Mn- and Co-based perovskites; a thorough view on the ferroelectric properties is presented, including piezoelectricity, thermistors or pyroelectric characteristics, just to mention some of them; relaxors, microwave and optical features are also discussed, to end up with magnetism, superconductivity and multiferroisme. Some materials discussed herein have already accomplished their way but others have promising horizons in both fundamental and applied research. To our knowledge, no much work exists to relate the crystalline nature of the different perovskite-type compounds with their properties and synthesis procedures, in particular with the most recent and newest processes such as the mechanosynthesis approach. Although this is not intended to be a full review of all existing perovskite materials, this report offers a good compilation of the main compounds, their structure and microstructure, processing and relationships between these features

中文翻译：

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钙钛矿的最新进展：加工和性能

钙钛矿结构是自然界中最奇妙的结构之一。它遵循一个非常简单的化学式 ABX3，其中 A 和 B 是金属阳离子，X 是阴离子，通常是氧。阴离子堆积相当紧凑，并为大 A 和小 B 阳离子留下空隙。A阳离子可以是一价、二价或三价，而B可以是二价、三价、四价、五价或六价阳离子。这为不同组合和部分或全部取代提供了非凡的可能性，从而产生了令人难以置信的大量化合物。它们的物理和化学性质在很大程度上取决于阳离子的性质和氧化态、阴离子和阳离子的化学计量、晶体结构和加工技术等。在这项工作中，我们回顾了钙钛矿的不同和最常见的晶体表示，从高（立方）到低（三斜）对称性，一些众所周知的制备方法，例如，坚持使用相当新颖和原创的技术，如机械合成加工。回顾了物理特性，强调了 Mn 和 Co 基钙钛矿的电（质子、离子或混合导体）和催化特性；全面介绍了铁电特性，包括压电、热敏电阻或热电特性，仅举其中一些；还讨论了弛豫、微波和光学特性，最终形成了磁性、超导性和多铁性。这里讨论的一些材料已经完成了它们的工作，但其他材料在基础研究和应用研究中都有广阔的前景。据我们所知，没有多少工作可以将不同钙钛矿型化合物的结晶性质与其性质和合成程序联系起来，特别是与机械合成方法等最新和最新的方法有关。虽然这不是对所有现有钙钛矿材料的全面审查，但本报告很好地汇总了主要化合物、它们的结构和微观结构、加工以及这些特征之间的关系