Most ecosystems have multiple-plant invaders rather than single-plant invaders, yet ecological studies and management actions focus largely on single invader species. There is a need for general principles regarding invader interactions across varying environmental conditions, so that secondary invasions can be anticipated and managers can allocate resources toward pretreatment or postremoval actions. By reviewing removal experiments conducted in three Hawaiian ecosystems (a dry tropical forest, a seasonally dry mesic forest, and a lowland wet forest), we evaluate the roles environmental harshness, priority effects, productivity potential, and species interactions have in influencing secondary invasions, defined here as invasions that are influenced either positively (facilitation) or negatively (inhibition/priority effects) by existing invaders. We generate a conceptual model with a surprise index to describe whether long-term plant invader composition and dominance is predictable or stochastic after a s...

中文翻译：

---

入侵植物之间的相互作用：夏威夷的教训

大多数生态系统有多种植物入侵者而不是单一植物入侵者，但生态研究和管理行动主要集中在单一入侵者物种上。需要针对不同环境条件下入侵者相互作用的一般原则，以便可以预期二次入侵，并且管理者可以将资源分配给预处理或清除后的行动。通过审查在三个夏威夷生态系统（干燥的热带森林、季节性干燥的热带森林和低地潮湿的森林）中进行的清除实验，我们评估了环境严酷性、优先效应、生产力潜力和物种相互作用在影响二次入侵中的作用，这里定义为受到现有入侵者积极（促进）或消极（抑制/优先影响）影响的入侵。