Species and generic recognition in the order Xylariales has been uncertain due to lack of molecular data from authentic cultures, as well as overlapping morphological characteristics. In this study, we revise the families Graphostromataceae, Hypoxylaceae, Lopadostomataceae and Xylariaceae in Xylariales. Our study is based on DNA sequence data derived from living cultures of fresh isolates, data from GenBank and morphological observation of type and worldwide herbarium specimens. We also collected new specimens from Germany, Italy and Thailand. Combined analyses of ITS, LSU, RPB2 and β-tubulin sequence data were used to reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of the above families. Generic and familiar boundaries between these families are revised and presented in an updated combined phylogenetic tree. We accept six genera in Graphostromataceae, 19 genera in Hypoxylaceae, four in Lopadostomataceae and 37 genera in Xylariaceae. Five genera previously treated in Xylariaceae are placed in Amphisphaeriales genera incertae sedis and seven genera are placed in Xylariales genera incertae sedis. Two genera are placed in Sordariomycetes genera incertae sedis, while four genera are placed as Xylariomycetidae genera incertae sedis. Three genera are considered as doubtful. Barrmaelia and Cannonia, presently included in Xylariaceae are transferred to Diatrypaceae and Coniochaetales respectively, based on their morphology and phylogeny. Areolospora and Myconeesia are excluded from Xylariaceae and synonymized with Phaeosporis and Anthostomella respectively. Updated descriptions and illustrations are provided for all taxa with notes provided on each genus. Excluded and doubtful genera are listed with notes on their taxonomy and phylogeny. Taxonomic keys are provided for all revised families with morphological details for genera within the families.

中文翻译：

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走向禾本科，催眠科，虎耳目科和木耳科的自然分类和骨干树。

由于缺乏来自真实培养物的分子数据以及重叠的形态特征，因此对Xariariales的物种和一般识别尚不确定。在这项研究中，我们修改了家庭Graphostromataceae，Hypoxylaceae，Lopadostomataceae和Xylariaceae在Xylariales。我们的研究基于来自新鲜分离株的活培养物的DNA序列数据，GenBank的数据以及类型和全球标本室标本的形态学观察。我们还从德国，意大利和泰国收集了新的标本。结合ITS，LSU，RPB2和β-微管蛋白序列数据进行分析，以重建上述家族的分子系统发育。这些科目之间的通用和熟悉的边界被修改，并在更新的组合系统发育树中显示。我们接受六分属在Graphostromataceae，19属在Hypoxylaceae，四Lopadostomataceae和37属中Xylariaceae。将先前在木霉科中治疗过的五个属放入Amphisphaeriales属地位未定，七个属被放置在Xylariales属地位未定。两个属被放置在粪壳菌纲属地位未定，而4个属被放置为Xylariomycetidae属地位未定。三个属被认为是可疑的。根据其形态和系统发育，将目前包括在木糖科中的Barrmaelia和Cannonia分别转移到Diatrypaceae和Coniochaetales中。沙雷菌科排除了槟榔和Myconeesia和分别是Phaeosporis和Anthostomella的同义词。为所有分类单元提供更新的描述和插图，并在每个属上提供注释。列出了被排除的和可疑的属，并列出了它们的分类学和系统发育史。为所有修订的科提供了分类密钥，并提供了科的属的形态学细节。